Immunopathogenesis

Question 1

What is viral bronchiolitis?

Answer 1

Inflammation of the bronchioles following viral infection

Question 2

Pathology of RSV bronchiolitis and pneumonia

Answer 2

Necrosis and sloughing of small airway epithelium 
oedema 
increased secretion of mucus
airway obstructed due to swelling 
alveolar filling 
intersitial infiltration

Question 3

Clinical signs of RSV bronchiolitis and pneumonia

Answer 3

Hyperinflation
wheezing
atelectasis

Question 4

Features of virus infected epithelium

Answer 4

Plasma leakage
Mucus hypersecretion
inflammatory cell recriutment and activation
cytokines/chemokines
neural activation
airway hyperresponiveness

Question 5

What is sepsis?

Answer 5

Systemic response inflammatory syndrome with a confirmed infectious process

Question 6

What does a patient need at least 2 of to have sepsis?

Answer 6

Temp >38 or <36
HR above 90bpm
resp rate >20 breathes/min or PaCO2 of <32mmHg
WBC count >12,000 cells /mm^3

Question 7

What is severe sepsis?

Answer 7

Sepsis with either hypotension or systemic manifestations of hypoperfusion

Question 8

What is septic shock?

Answer 8

Sepsis with hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation, associated with hypoperfusion abnormalities

Question 9

Pathologies of sepsis

Answer 9

Activation of neutrophils
Release of inflammatory mediators 
vasodilation
diffuse endothelial permeability
activation of coagulation pathways

Question 10

What are the consequences of mediators and pathways?

Answer 10

Coagulation pathway
Dysfunction of capillary endothelium
Global tissue hypoxia
organ dysfunction and failure