Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PVS > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cause of acute inflammation

A

Any form of tissue injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give the three phases of tissue injury

A

Fluidic, Cellular, Reparative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give 4 signs of acute inflammation

A

Redness and heat (increased blood flow)
Swelling (fluid accumulation)
Pain (chemical release stimulates nerve endings)
Loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the process of cellular and vascular response through acute inflammation

A
  1. Momentary vasoconstriction - reflex process to reduce blood loss
  2. Dilation of Blood vessels - Caused by release of chemical mediators
  3. Exudation of fluid - Reduced blood flow, proteinaceous fluid released
  4. Leukocyte migration - Adherence of circulatory WBCs to altered endothelium
  5. Leukocyte emigration - Migrate into tissues via diapedesis
  6. Temperature increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define transudates and describe their appearance

A

Extracellular filtrate of plasma with a little protein and few/no nucleated cells
- Glossy, clear and watery appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe how transudate is produced

A

Produced by fluid leakage due to increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced osmotic potential in the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define exudates and describe its appearance

A

ECF that is protein rich and contains high numbers of cells

- Purulent, fibrinous, serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe how exudates are formed

A

Formed during inflammation due to increased vascular permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid in a body space or cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the process by which pyrexia is produced

A

= Raised body temperature/fever

  • Exogenous factors cause release of endogenous factors which in turn activate the arachidonic pathway and PGE2 release
  • PGE 2 acts on the preoptic are of the hypothalamus through the EP3 receptor leading to the stimulation of the sympathetic output system which evokes non-shivering and shivering thermogenesis to produce body heat and skin vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss from the body surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do antipyretic drugs act on the pyrexia process?

A

Act at the hypothalamus, overriding the action of PGE2 in causing increased temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give three inflammatory mediators that cause vasodilation

A

Nitric Oxide
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins PGE2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give three inflammatory mediators that cause inceraced vascular permeabilities

A

Vasoconstrictive amines e.g. histamine
Complement factors e.g. C5a, C3a
Leukotrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give three inflammatory mediators that cause chemotaxis and leukocyte activation

A

Leukotrines
C5a
Chemokines e.g. IL-8, IL-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give two inflammatory mediators that cause tissue damage

A

Neutrophil granule content : matrix metalloproteinases

ROS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give two inflammatory mediators that cause Pain

A

Bradykinin

PGE2

17
Q

Give three inflammatory mediators that cause Fever

A

Cytokines e.g. IL-1 TNF, IL-6

18
Q

Describe Plasma derived chemical mediators

A

e. g. complement proteins, kinins

- Present in the plasma as precursors that must be activated

19
Q

Describe cell derived chemical mediators

A

e.g. histamine

Sequestered in intracellular granules that need to be secreted

20
Q

Describe acute phase proteins

A
  • Inflammatory biomarkers
  • Plasma protein synthesised by liver
  • Increase in serum concentration over 25% in response to cytokines
  • Causes fever and leucocytosis (part of the innate immune system)
21
Q

Describe the complement cascade

A
  • Helps the innate immune system to clear pathogens from an organism
  • Plasma complement C1-9 synthesized in the liver
  • Are activated and induce inflammation and further activation of the immune system
  • End result is cell killing membrane attack complex (MAC)
22
Q

Describe arachidonic acid metabolites

A
  • Damage of the cell leads to the cell membrane lipids rearranging to create biologically active lipid mediators (derived from arachidonic acids)
  • Effects are short lived due to rapid decay and enzymatic destruction of lipid metabolites
23
Q

Describe 4 causes of chronic infection

A
  • Persistent infection
  • Prolonged toxin exposure
  • Indestructible foreign material
  • Immune mediated disease
24
Q

Describe the morphology of chronic inflammation

A
  • Tissue destruction
  • Healing attempts
  • Infiltration with mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes)
25
Q

Describe macrophage activity in chronic inflammation

A

Migration and Activation - extravasation controlled by ashesion molecules and chemical mediators with chemostatic activating properties.
Activated Macrophage
- Eliminate injurious agent
- Instigate the healing process (fibrosis and angiogenesis)
- Cause tissue injury (chronic)
- Release products that are toxic to microorganisms

26
Q

Describe the involvement of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation

A

Interact bidirectionally by recruiting and being recruited by macrophages

27
Q

Describe the involvement of Plasma cells in chronic inflammation

A

Activated by B lymphocytes and produce antibodies against persistent foreign antigens

28
Q

Describe the involvement of eosinophils in chronic inflammation

A

Present in parasite and some fungal infections

Also hypersensitivity infection

29
Q

Describe the involvement of mast cells in chronic inflammation

A

Found in the connective tissue both in acute and chronic inflammation

30
Q

Describe the involvement of neutrophils in chronic inflammation

A

Characteristic in acute may be found in chronic e.g. abcesses

31
Q

Give the three phases of healing

A

Blood clot
Proliferation and granulation
Remodelling and maturation

32
Q

Describe an abcess

A

Collection of pus circumscribed by a fibrous capsule that is visible grossly (most commonly caused by bacteria)

33
Q

Describe pus

A

Plasma proteins, leukocyte based yellow/green liquid

34
Q

Describe a granuloma

A

Nodular aggregation of macrophages surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leucocytes
Aims to contain agent that is difficult to eradicate
against : parasite, fungi, bacteria, viruses, foreign body

35
Q

Define regeneration

A

Proliferation of cells and tissues to replace lost structures

36
Q

Define repair

A

Replacement of injured cells with connective tissue

37
Q

Describe the blood clot stage of healing

A
  • Activation and coagulation
  • Blood clot formation
  • Neutrophils arrive
38
Q

Describe the Proliferation and granulation stage of healing

A
  • Macrophages replace neutrophils (clean and promote proliferation)
  • Granulation tissue formed from proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells
  • Fibroblasts and connective tissue grow parallel to the wound surface and perpendicular to proliferating capillaries
39
Q

Describe the remodelling and maturation phase of healing

A

Leukocytes and increased vascularity disappear after the second week
Granulosa converted into a pale avascular scar (fibroblasts and dense collagen)
Wound contraction

PVS (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions