Cellular and Tissue Response and Adaptation

Question 1

How does a normal cell respond to physiologic stress?

Answer 1

Adaptation (or cell injury if unable to adapt)

Question 2

What happens to a normal cell in response to an injuring stimulus?

Answer 2

Cell Injury

reversible if Mild, irreversible if severe/progressive

Question 3

What are the two potential outcomes of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 3

Necrosis and Apoptosis

Question 4

Define tissue adaptations

Answer 4

Reversible functional and structural response to more severe physiologic stress and some pathologic stimuli allowing the cell to continue to function

Question 5

Describe hypertrophy

Answer 5

Increase in cell and therefore organ size

Question 6

Describe the stimuli that would produce hypertrophy

Answer 6

Increased demand/stimuli

Question 7

Define hyperplasia

Answer 7

Increase in cell number and therefore organ size

Question 8

Describe the stimuli that cause hyperplasia

Answer 8

Increased demand/stimuli (same as hypertrophy)
Viral infection
Hormone imbalance

Question 9

Define atrophy

Answer 9

Decrease in cell size and number

Question 10

Describe the causes of atrophy

Answer 10

Reduced stimulation
Foetal Development
Loss of innervation/blood supply

Question 11

Define metaplasia

Answer 11

One differentiated cell type replaced by another

Question 12

Describe a cause of metaplasia (and a potential outcome)

Answer 12

Chronic irritation

columnar to squamous epithelium

Question 13

Describe three categories of intracellular accumulations

Answer 13

Cellular constituent excess
Abnormal substance
Pigment

Question 14

Describe 4 mechanisms of cellular accumulation

Answer 14

Abnormal metabolism
Defect in protein folding/transport
Reduction in the enzyme needed for break-down
Indigestible materia

Question 15

Where may you find lipid accumulations?

Answer 15

Parenchymal cells of the liver

Question 16

Where may you find glycogen accumulations?

Answer 16

Hepatocytes/myocytes due to glucose/glycogen requirement

Question 17

Where may you find protein accumulations?

Answer 17

In the urine

Question 18

Give three compounds that accumulate extracellularly

Answer 18

Amyloid (chemically diverse extracellular proteinaceous substances )
Sodium citrate (gout)
Cholesterol ( crystals = by-products of haemorrhage and necrosis, Cholesteatoma = cholesterol granuloma - old horses )

Question 19

Describe gout

Answer 19

Deposition of sodium citrate crystals/urates in tissues

Question 20

Describe dystrophic pathologic calcification

Answer 20

Locally in dying /dead tissues

Question 21

Describe metastatic pathologic calcification

Answer 21

In normal tissue secondary to hypercalcaemia

Question 22

Give 4 causes of pathologic calcification

Answer 22

Renal failure
Vitamin D toxicity
PTH + PTH related protein
Bone distruction

Question 23

Describe and give three examples of exogenous pigmentation

Answer 23

= Formed outside the body
Carbon (accumulation in the lung)
Carotenoid (fat-soluble plant pigments)
Tetracycline (stains teeth and bone)

Question 24

Describe and give 2 examples of endogenous pigmentation

Answer 24

= Formed inside the body
Melanin (normally in the epidermis)
Lipofuscin Ceroid (brown lipid)

Question 25

Give three examples of haematogenous pigments

Answer 25

Haemaglobin
Haemosidan (protein/ iron complex)
Bilirubin (erythrocyte breakdown)