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RUSVM Pathology I JB1 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of the multinucleated giant cells

A

Macrophages

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2
Q

Epithelioid Cell

A

Large, pale staining macrophages that have an ovoid nucleus and shape resembling epithelial cells

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3
Q

Condition

A

Johne’s Disease

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4
Q

Focal Inflammation

A

Single abnormality or inflamed are within a tissue

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5
Q

Morphology of eosinophils

A

Larger than neutrophils

Affinity of cytoplasmic granules to eosin (acid)

Lysosomal granules contain wide variety of catalytic enzymes similar to neutrophils

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6
Q

T/F: Fibrosis and neovascularization are features of subacute infection

A

False

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7
Q

Leukocytes

A

Normal inhabitants of the circulating blood

Total count of leukocytes in circulating blood modified by systemic response to inflammation

Each cell type has distinctive role

Each cell type enters into the inflammatory response in a definite sequence

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8
Q

Classification of inflammation by duration

A

Subacute Inflammation

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9
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Mucopurulent - Catarrhal

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10
Q

3 interconnected processes of phagocytosis

A

Recognition and attachment of the particle to be ingested

Engulfment with subsequent formation of phagocytic vacuole

Killing or degradation of the ingested material

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11
Q

Neutrophils

A

Crucial to inflammatory process

Constitute the first line of cellular defense

Develop in the bone marrow and the maturation process takes about two weeks

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12
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A

Modulate hypersensitivity reactions

Defend against helminthic infections

Phagocytic but less active phagocytes than neutrophils

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13
Q

Resolution of inflammation involves

A

Neutralization of chemical mediators

Return of normal vascular permeability

Cessation of leukocyte infiltration

Removal of edema fluid, leukocytes, foreign agents and necrotic debris

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14
Q

Hemorrhagic Inflammation

A

Hemorrhage is the main feature of this type of inflammation. Presence of an etiologic agent will indicate that the process is inflammatory rather than a primary circulatory disturbance

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15
Q

Sluggish motile but are responsive to chemotactic influences, they have a long life span (30-60days) and may proliferate at sites of inflammation

A

Macrophages

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16
Q

Epithelioid cells are specialized for

A

Extracellular secretion

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17
Q

Multinucleated Giant Cells

A

Formed by the coalescence of single macrophages

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18
Q

Lesion

A

Pleural Adhesions

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19
Q

Type of WBC

A

Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells

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20
Q

Time of onset of subacute inflammation

A

Depends on the nature of the inciting stimulus, may cover a considerable time span which can vary from a few days to a few weeks

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21
Q

Morphology of lymphocytes

A

Heterogeneous in size and morphology - smaller than neutrophils

Densely staining nucleus and scant amount of cytoplasm

Traditional division (T and B cells)

Functional division (Helper T, Cytotoxic T Cells)

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22
Q

Specific granules

A

Seconday granules - small, less dense and more numerous neutrophil granules

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23
Q

Inflammatory cells of peracute inflammation

A

Not usually numerous

Few leukocytes

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24
Q

Type of WBC

A

Neutrophil

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25
Q

Roles of inflammation

A

Dilute, contain and isolate injury

Destroy invading microoranisms and/or inactivate toxins

Achieve healing and repair

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26
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Fibrinous Exudate

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27
Q

Classification of inflammation based on duration

A

Chronic inflammation

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28
Q

Two classes of neutrophil cytoplasmic granules

A

Azurophil granules

Specific granules

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29
Q

Type of inflammatory cell

A

Multinucleated Giant Cell

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30
Q

Inflammatory cells of subacute infection

A

Mixed or pleocellular inflammatory infiltrate

Primarily neutrophilic but also has infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells.

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31
Q

Halmark of chronic inflammation

A

Fibrosis

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32
Q

Sequelae of chronic inflammation

A

Destruction of stimuli → resolution of inflammation → repair of tissue

Persitence of stimuli → progression of inflammatory reaction → continuation of disease

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33
Q

Time of onset of fibrinous inflammation

A

Acute process, can form in seconds

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34
Q

Abscess

A

Circumscribed collection of pus - localized form of suppurative inflammation

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35
Q

Nuclei of multinucleated giant cells are sometime arranged in what type of pattern

A

Horseshoe Pattern - Langhan’s Giant Cells

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36
Q

Eosinophilic Cationic Protein

A

Contributes to parasite killing and also shortens coagulation time and alters fibrinolysis

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37
Q

Four outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Complete Resolution

Healing by scarring

Abscess formation

Progression to chronic inflammation

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38
Q

“Cerebroid” appearance of affected intestine is characteristic of what type of inflammation

A

Granulomatous inflammation

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39
Q

Transudate or Exudate

A

Transudate

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40
Q

Describe the gross appearance of an abscess

A

yellow-white to gray white and varies from watery to viscous depending on fluid content

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41
Q

Cells that respond to chemotactic stimuli

A

Granulocytes

Monocytes

Lymphocytes -lesser extent

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42
Q

Exudation

A

Escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitium or body cavities. - Alteration of the normal permeability of local blood vessels

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43
Q

Pyogranulomatous Inflammation

A

Significant number of neutrophils present in the center of a granulomatous reaction

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44
Q

Example of what outcome of acute inflammation?

A

Abscess formation

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45
Q

Eosinophilic granules

A

Small granules

Primary granules

Large specific granules

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46
Q

Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells

A

Involved in immune reactions

Key cellular mediators are immediate antibody response and the delayed cellular hypersensitivity response

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47
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Suppurative Exudation

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48
Q

Classification of inflammation based on distribution

A

Multifocal inflammation

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49
Q

Possible stimuli for acute inflammation

A

Infectious agents

Traugma

Necrotic tissue/cells

Immune reactions

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50
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Loss of function

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51
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

A

Consists of closely related cells of bone marrow origin, including blood monocytes and tissue macrophages

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52
Q

Vascular changes during acute inflammation play a major role in

A

Maximizing movement of cells and plasma proteins from within circulation to site of injury

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53
Q

What is the purpose of an intense inflammatory response?

A

Attempt to isolate inflammatory process, formation of a wall

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54
Q

Classification of inflammation based on distribution

A

Focal inflammation

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55
Q

Type of inflammation

A

Necrotizing Inflammation

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56
Q

Suppurative Exudation

A

Consisting of or containing pus, associated with the formation of pus

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57
Q

Histologic hallmarks of chornic inflammation

A

Infiltration of mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphoctyes, plasma cells)

Proliferation of fibroblasts and small blood vessels

Increased connective tissue

Tissue destruction

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58
Q

Possible origins of locally extensive inflammation

A

Local reactions that spread to adjacent normal tissue

Coalescence of foci in a multifocal reaction

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59
Q

Locally extensive inflammation

A

Involves a considerable zone of tissue within an inflamed organ

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60
Q

Infectious canine hepatitis is an example of what type of inflammation (classified by duration)

A

Peracute Inflammation

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61
Q

Repair begins during inflammation and it is completed when

A

Injurious stimuli have been neutralized

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62
Q

Effects of inflammatory stimuli are manifested through

A

Chemical mediators

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63
Q

Etiology

A

Mycobacterium avium sp

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64
Q

Epithelioid cells are commonly found where in the cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles

Vacuoles

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65
Q

Diffuse Inflammation

A

Variations in severity may occur, but the eniter tissue is involved

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66
Q

Purpose of neutrophils

A

Eliminate microorganisms, tumor cells and foreign material

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67
Q

Contents of serous exudation

A

Outpouring of fluid relatively rick in protein, and derived from blood and locally injured cells

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68
Q

Clinical signs of chronic inflammation

A

Chronicity is primarily a clinical concept pertaining to prolonged duration of an inflammatory lesion

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69
Q

Major basic protein

A

Strongly toxic to parasites as well as other kinds of cells found in the granules of eosinophils

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70
Q

Granulomatous Infection

A

Inflammatory response characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells with the predominant cell being the macrophage

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71
Q

Clinical signs of peracute inflammation

A

Shock, sudden death

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72
Q

What happens to neutrophils after phagocytosis

A

Undergo apoptotic cell death and are ingested by macrophages

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73
Q

Inflammatory cells in acute inflammation

A

Leukocyte infiltration is variable

Neutrophils usually predominate

Mononuclear cells can also be present

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74
Q

Morphology of Macrophages

A

15-20um - larger than neutrophils

Prominent central nuclei - folded or bean shaped

In tissues are larger and have variable number of azurophilic granules and remnants of ingested material

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75
Q

Necrotizing Inflammation

A

Necrosis is the main feature and exudation is minimal. The process is interpreted as inflammatory if infectious etiology is suspected

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76
Q

Clinical signs of acute inflammation

A

Signs associated with vascular changes

Warm

Red

Swollen

Pain

Loss of function

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77
Q

Gross patterns of chronic inflammation

A

Diffuse thickening of affected area

Solid, firm, nodular lesions that compress adjacent tissue

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78
Q

Signals for macrophage activation

A

Lymphokines

Bacterial endotoxins

Contact with fibronectin-coated surfaces

Variety of chemicals

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79
Q

Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

A

Eosinophils are attracted to sites of helminths invasion in sensitized hosts by chemotactic factors elaborated predominantly as a result of the immune response to products of the parasite

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80
Q

Mild Inflammation

A

Absent to minimal tissue damage

Few inflammatory cells

Slight vascular involvement

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81
Q

Condition

A

Lymphadenitis

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82
Q

Inflammatory cells of chronic inflammation

A

Primarily mononuclear inflammatory cells

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Plasma cells

Fibroblasts

83
Q

Tissues damaged by inflammation are replaced with

A

Regenerated native parenchymal cells

Fibrous tissue

84
Q

Effect of Inflammation

85
Q

Procces and classification of inflammation based on duration

A

Neutrophil “Paving”

Acute Inflammation

86
Q

Mediators of rolling event of extravasation

A

Selectins

Integrins

87
Q

Origin of chronic inflammation

A

Follow an acute inflammatory phase

May develop as insidious, low-grade, subclinical process without history of a prior acute episode

88
Q

Classification of inflammation based on distribution

A

Locally Extensive Inflammation

89
Q

Suppurative lesions are often of what origin

90
Q

Lymphatic involvement in chronic inflammation

91
Q

Granuloma

A

Small, 0.5-2mm, organized collections of modified macrophages (epithelioid macrophages), usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes. Another feature is the presence of Langhans giant or foreign body-type cells and presence of fibrous connective tissue

92
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Involves the accumulation of white blood cells at the site of injury followed by the release of enzymes by neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate injurous agents

93
Q

Heterophils

A

Eosinophilc granules of rabbit, guinea pig, rat, reptile, fish and bird neutrophils

94
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

A

Disease due to leukocyte adhesion failure, due to type I mutation in Beta-1 integrins CD18

95
Q

Severe Inflammation

A

Substantial tissiue damage

Inflammatory cells abundant

Massive edema and hemorrhage seen

96
Q

Inflammation is initiated by

A

Exogenous and endogenous stimuli

97
Q

Azurophil Granules

A

Primary granules - large, oval and electron dense found within the neutrophil cytoplasm

98
Q

Neutrophils are capable of killing microorganisms by

A

Producing oxygen free radicals

Hydrogen peroxide

Lysosomal Enzymes

99
Q

Lesion

A

Hepatic granulomatous

100
Q

Inflammation

A

Reaction of vascularized living tissues to injury

101
Q

Eosinophils

A

Abundant at sites of inflammation in diseases of immunologic, parasitic, or allergic origin

Unique functions as effector cells for killing helminths and thier propensity for both causing and assisting in the regulation of tissue damage in hypersensitivity

102
Q

Etiologic Diagnosis

A

Mycotic Airsacculitis

103
Q

Mucopurulent - Catarrhal

A

Inflammatory exudate is composed of mucus and pus

104
Q

Vascular involvement of Acute inflammation

A

Active hyperemia

Edema

Occassional fibrin thrombi within vessels

105
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Result of a persistent inflammatory stimulus in which the host has failed to completely eliminate the causative agent

Inflammatory response accompanied by immune response

Evidence of host tissue response - repair

106
Q

Mediators of margination event of extravasation

A

Selectins

Cytokines/chemokines

107
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Type of inflammation resulting from injurious persistant stimuli that leads to a predominantly proliferative, rather than exudative, reaction

108
Q

What type of organisms are stained pink?

What type of stain is used?

A

Fungal Organisms

PAS Stain

109
Q

Inflammation leads to accumulation of fluid (plasma proteins) and WBCs in

A

Extravascular tissues

110
Q

Neutrophils regulate inflammatory response by

A

Releasing chemical mediators such as leukotrienes and platelet activating factor

111
Q

Inflammation ends when what happens?

A

The stimulus is eliminated

112
Q

Transudate or Exudate

113
Q

Serous Exudation

A

Inflammatory process in which the exudate occurs in tissues in the absence of a prominent cellular response. May be a dominant pattern of exudation for a wide variety of mild injuries

114
Q

Time of onset of chronic inflammation

115
Q

Eosinophils are effective in killing helminth parasites by

A

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Medated Cytotoxicity

116
Q

Complex Granuloma

A

Granuloma with a central area of necrosis

117
Q

Chronic inflamation in various organs arise in what three ways

A

Following acute inflammation

Repeated bouts of acute inflammation

Insidiously as a low grade smouldering response

118
Q

Events of acute inflammation

A

Stimuli for onset of acute inflammation

Vascular changes

Cellular events

Termination of acute inflammatory response

119
Q

Mediators of Activation and Adhesion event of extravasation

A

Integrins

Chemokines

120
Q

Monocytes become macrophages after what occurs

A

Monocyte migration into tissues

121
Q

Neutrophils are characterized by

A

High motility due to rapid amoeboid movement

Response to a wide variety of chemotaxtic compounds

Phagocytic and bactericidal activities - major cellular defense against bacteria

122
Q

Pus

A

Inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes and parenchymal cell debris

123
Q

Lesion

A

Multifocal granulomas

124
Q

Mononuclear cells

A

Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells

Monocytes and macrophages

Platelets

125
Q

Gross appearance of fibrinous inflammation

A

Yellow-white or pale tan, stringy, shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to the tissue surfaces. Casts of material may form in lumen of tubular organ

126
Q

Functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

Modulation of inflammatory and repair processes

Regulation of immune response

Production of Interleukin 1

127
Q

Lymphatic involvement in acute inflammation

A

Role in moving away exudate.

Transportation of the exudate can lead to acute regional lymphadenitis

128
Q

Vascular changes that occur during acute inflammation

A

Increased vascular flow and caliber of blood vessels

Increased vascular permeability

129
Q

Mechanism of extravasation during acute inflammation

A

Margination - tethering

Rolling

Activation and Adhesion

Transmigration

130
Q

Peracute Inflammation

A

Caused by potent stimulus

Animal has no time to respond

Less common than acute disease

131
Q

Classify extent of inflammation

132
Q

What is the difference between the presence of a fibrinous exudate and fibrosis

A

Presence of a fibrinous exudate involves an acute process, fibrosis is a chronic process

133
Q

Acute Inflammation begins in what time

134
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophls and Mast Cells

135
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Granulomatous Inflammation

136
Q

Chemical mediators of acute inflammation

A

Vasoactive amines

Plasma proteases

Lipid mediators

Platelet activating factor

Cytokines

Chemokines

Nitric oxide

137
Q

Extravasation

A

Delivery of white blood cells to the site of injury

138
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Suppurative Inflammation

139
Q

Characteristics of inflammation

A

Involves changes in vascular bed, blood and connective tissue

Intended to eliminate irritant and repair damaged tissue

140
Q

Outcomes of inflammation

A

Ideally - Return to normal

Intense inflammatory response - attempt to separate injured tissue

Faiure to eliminate insult - sequel

141
Q

Mechanism of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

A

Neutrophilia with impaired transmigration because neutrophils are unable to adhere

142
Q

Describe the morphology of neutrophils

A

10-12um

Multilobed nucleus

Cytoplasmic granules

143
Q

Host involvement of chronic inflammation

A

Parenchymal regeneration or repair by fibrosis

144
Q

Clinical signs of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

A

Gingivitis

Tooth Loss

Ulcers in oral and enteric mucosa

Cutaneous ulcers

Pneumonia

145
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Fibrinous Exudation

146
Q

Pathogenesis of fibrinous exudation

A

Severe injury to endothelium and basement membrane results in leakage of plasma proteins which polymerize perivascularly as fibrin

147
Q

Mediators of transmigration event of extravasation

A

P-CAM (CD31)

148
Q

Time of peracute inflammation

149
Q

Lesion

A

Fibrinous peritonitis

150
Q

Simple classification of inflammation includes

A

Exudate

Duration

151
Q

Histologic appearance of what

A

Fibrinous pneumonia

152
Q

Macrophages/Monocytes

A

Derived from circulating blood monocyte of bone marrow origin

May originate from immature resident mononuclear phagocytes in the tissue

Do not have reserve pool in bone marrow

Remain in circulation up to 72 hours

Require activation to become competent macrophages

153
Q

Cells involved in granulomatous inflammation

A

Epitheloid cells

Multinucleated giant cells

Lymphocytes

154
Q

Stop signals for acute inflammatory response include

A

Switch from pro-inflammatory leukotrienes to anti-inflammatory lipoxins from arachidonic acid

Liberation of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF=beta from macrophages and other cells

Neural impulses resluting in inhibition of TNF production in macrophages

155
Q

Suppuration

A

Process by which puss is formed. Use of the term implies that neutrophils and proteolytic enzymes are present, and that necrosis of host tissue cells has occured.

156
Q

Moderate Inflammation

A

Some tissue damage

Inflammatory cells evident

Moderate edema and evidence of hemorrhage

157
Q

Fibrinous Exudation contains

158
Q

Example of what outcome of acute inflammation

A

Abscess formation

159
Q

Inflammation is closely associated with the process of

160
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Granulomatous Inflammation

161
Q

Diffuse inflammation is often related to what etiology

A

Viral or toxic

162
Q

Classification of inflammation based on distribution

A

Diffuse Inflammation

163
Q

Describe the gross appearance of serous exudate

A

Yellow, straw-like color, fluid commonly see in very early stages of many kinds of inflammatory responses

164
Q

Fusion of epithelioid cells to form multinucleated giant cells is induced by

165
Q

Describe the histiologic appearance of granulomas

A

Macrophages clustered in a characterisitc ellipitcal formation around the causative etiologic agent or around a central necrotic area, or simply organized nodules

Large cells with abundant cytoplasm - “Epithelioid cells” “Multinucleated Giant Cells”

166
Q

Vascular involvment of subacute infection

A

Decline in the magnitude of vascular changes, compared to acute inflammation

167
Q

Role of T lymphocytes in granulomatous inflammatory reactions

A

Produce lymphokines and interferon

Attract and activate macrophages

Induce formation of multinucleated giant cells

168
Q

Classification of inflammation based on exudate

A

Fibrinous exudation

169
Q

Two subdivisions of inflammatory cells

A

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Mononuclear cells

170
Q

Classification of inflammation based on duration

A

Chronic Inflammation

171
Q

Etiology of granulomatous inflammation

A

Non-digestible organism or particle which serves as a chronic inflammatory stimulus, delayed type hypersensitivity is often required

172
Q

Common types of exudate

A

Suppurative

Fibrinous

Serous

173
Q

Chemotaxis occurs right after

A

Extravasation

174
Q

Classification of inflammation by distribution

A

Focal

Multifocal

Locally extensive

Diffuse

175
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Process where white blood cells emigrate in tissues towards the site of injury

176
Q

Vascular involvement of peracute inflammation

A

Hyperemia

Slight edema

Hemorrhage

177
Q

Neutrophils mediate tissue injury by

A

Release of oxygen free radicals and lysosomal enzymes

178
Q

Type of WBC

A

Eosinophil

179
Q

Epithelioid cells have (more/less) phagocytic activity than non-specialized macrophages

180
Q

Multifocal Inflammation

A

Arising from or pertaining to many foci, each focus of inflammation is separated from other by an intervening zone of relatively normal tissue

181
Q

Subacute inflammation

A

Gradual change between acute and chronic - used when the inflammatory response does not include reparative responses

182
Q

Fibrin is composed of

A

Thread-like eosinophilic meshwork that sometimes forms masses of solid amorphous material

183
Q

Example of what outcome of acute inflammation

A

Healing by the formation of scar tissue

184
Q

Type of inflammation

A

Hemorrhagic Inflammation

185
Q

Vascular involvement of chronic inflammation

A

Proliferation of capillaries and small blood vessels resulting in hemorrhage and congestion

186
Q

Termination of acute inflammatory response occurs when

A

Degradation of mediators of inflammation

Stop signals are produced when stimulus is gone

187
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of lymphatic vessels

188
Q

Functions of Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

Secretion of proinflammatory substances

189
Q

Simple Granuloma

A

Organized accumulation of macrophages and epitheliod cells, often rimmed by lymphocytes

190
Q

Transudate

A

Essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalances across the vascular endothelium, has a low protein content and low specific gravity (less than 1.020)

191
Q

Lymphatic involvement in subacute inflammation

A

Increased lymphatic drainage

Repaire of endothelial cells

192
Q

Onset of action of granulomatous inflammation

A

Always chronic

193
Q

Fibrinopurulent Exudate

A

Term used to classify an inflammatory process in which neutrophils and fibrin are abundant

194
Q

Exudate from an absess consits of what type of inflammatory cells

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Lymphocytes

195
Q

Exudate

A

Inflammatory extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, cellular debris and high specific gravity (above 1.020)

196
Q

Macrophage activation occurs in response to

A

External stimuli that must be presented in an orderly sequence

197
Q

Major scavengers in the inflammatory response

A

Macrophages

198
Q

Edema

A

Denote an excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities, it can be an exudate or transudate

199
Q

Effect of inflammation

200
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation

A

Specific type of chronic inflammation characterized by accumulation of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells) and initiated by a variety of infectious and noninfectious agents

201
Q

Condition

A

Subacute stomatitis

202
Q

Condition

A

Lymphangitis

203
Q

Example of:

A

Fribropruluent exudate

204
Q

Condition

A

Greasy Pig Diease

RUSVM Pathology I JB1 (18 decks)

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