inflammation

Question 1

what activates mast cells

Answer 1

C5a

Question 2

what do mast cell release

Answer 2

histamine

PGD2

Question 3

what are possible results of acute inflammation

Answer 3

resolution
abscess
scarring
chronic inflammation

Question 4

where is PGD2 found

Answer 4

in mast cells granules

Question 5

what does PGD2 cause

Answer 5

vasodilation, pain, fever

Question 6

what does histamine cause

Answer 6

increased vascular permeability and vasodilation, leading to increased blood flow, swelling, heat and redness

Question 7

injury of basement membrane causes

Answer 7

injury to collagen, which activates Hageman factor (factor XII)

Question 8

Hageman factor is also part of what

Answer 8

coagulation cascade

Question 9

mechanisms by which mediators are signaled to go to infection site

Answer 9

chemotaxis

leukocyte recruitment

Question 10

key inflammatory cytokines

Answer 10

TNF
IL-1
IL-6

Question 11

what mediators upregulate adhesion molecules for leukocytes on endothelial surface

Answer 11

histamine
TNF
IL-1

Question 12

what chemokines stimulate chemotaxis toward infection sites

Answer 12

C3a

C5a

Question 13

what do inflammasomes produce

Answer 13

IL-1

IL-18

Question 14

autoinflammatory syndromes are caused by

Answer 14

dysregulation activation of inflammasomes
leads to excess IL-1
gain-of-function mutation

Question 15

first line of defense against extracellular bacteria

Answer 15

neutrophils

Question 16

steps of neutrophil extravasation

Answer 16

margination/stasis
rolling
binding
extravasation
(then chemotaxis to infection site)

Question 17

P-selectin

Answer 17

stored in Weibel-Palade bodies
binds PGSL-1 (selectin ligand)
this interaction slows neutrophil
low affinity interaction that leads to rolling of neutrophil

Question 18

LFA-1

Answer 18

integrin
binds to ICAM-1 (integrin ligand)
high affinity interaction that causes binding of neutrophil

Question 19

PECAM-1

Answer 19

concentrated at endothelial cell junctions
aka CD31
allows neutrophil extravasation

Question 20

what type of macrophage has anti-microbial activity

Answer 20

M1

Question 21

what type of macrophage has anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving activity

Answer 21

M2

Question 22

M1

Answer 22

classically activated
anti-microbial activity
produce ROS, NO, and lysosomal enzymes to kill microbes
produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, 12, and 23)

Question 23

M2

Answer 23

once microbe is gone, M1 becomes M2
alternatively activated
anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving activity (IL-10 and TGF beta)

Question 24

TGF beta is secreted by

Answer 24

macrophages

initiates wound healing

Question 25

TGF beta function

Answer 25

initiates wound healing by inducing migration of fibroblasts to site and proliferation of them

Question 26

conditions that cause chronic inflammation

Answer 26

TB syphilis (treponema pallidum) chronic exposure to toxic agents autoimmune diseases (lupus, RA)

Question 27

hallmarks of chronic inflammation

Answer 27

infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes tissue destruction angiogenesis and fibrosis (attempts at healing)

Question 28

systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 28

fever neutrophilia acute phase response shock

Question 29

production of fever

Answer 29

pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF lead to production of arachidonic acid AA --> PGE2 PGE2 acts on hypothalamus --> cAMP (resets body temp)

Question 30

how do NSAIDs reduce fever

Answer 30

inhibit cyclooxygenase and block PGE2 synthesis

Question 31

production of neutrophilia

Answer 31

pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF stimulate accelerated release of PMNs from bone marrow sustained release by macrophage- and T lymphocyte-derived release of granulocyte colony stimulating factor

Question 32

advantages of fever

Answer 32

immune system functions more effectively at higher temp host cells are protected from deleterious effects of TNF alpha at elevated temps pathogens grow more poorly at elevated temps

Question 33

what is observed in neutrophilia

Answer 33

an increase in band forms (immature leukocytes)

Question 34

acute phase response

Answer 34

macrophage-derived IL-6 acts on hepatocytes to synthesize and release acute phase proteins (e.g., CRP), which act as opsonins increase in plasma levels of acute phase proteins, leading to accelerated ESR

Question 35

shock

Answer 35

TNF causes vasodilation and vascular permeability subsequent intravascular volume loss leads to hypotension and shock TNF acts on heart, causing low output systemic activation of coagulation system --> DIC --> cut off of blood supply to organs --> organ system and bleeding

Question 36

precursor of lipid mediators (PGD2, leukotrienes)

Answer 36

arachidonic acid