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Microbiology/Immunology > inflammation > Flashcards

inflammation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what activates mast cells

A

C5a

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2
Q

what do mast cell release

A

histamine

PGD2

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3
Q

what are possible results of acute inflammation

A

resolution
abscess
scarring
chronic inflammation

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4
Q

where is PGD2 found

A

in mast cells granules

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5
Q

what does PGD2 cause

A

vasodilation, pain, fever

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6
Q

what does histamine cause

A

increased vascular permeability and vasodilation, leading to increased blood flow, swelling, heat and redness

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7
Q

injury of basement membrane causes

A

injury to collagen, which activates Hageman factor (factor XII)

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8
Q

Hageman factor is also part of what

A

coagulation cascade

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9
Q

mechanisms by which mediators are signaled to go to infection site

A

chemotaxis

leukocyte recruitment

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10
Q

key inflammatory cytokines

A

TNF
IL-1
IL-6

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11
Q

what mediators upregulate adhesion molecules for leukocytes on endothelial surface

A

histamine
TNF
IL-1

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12
Q

what chemokines stimulate chemotaxis toward infection sites

A

C3a

C5a

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13
Q

what do inflammasomes produce

A

IL-1

IL-18

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14
Q

autoinflammatory syndromes are caused by

A

dysregulation activation of inflammasomes
leads to excess IL-1
gain-of-function mutation

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15
Q

first line of defense against extracellular bacteria

A

neutrophils

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16
Q

steps of neutrophil extravasation

A 
margination/stasis
rolling
binding
extravasation
(then chemotaxis to infection site)
17
Q

P-selectin

A

stored in Weibel-Palade bodies
binds PGSL-1 (selectin ligand)
this interaction slows neutrophil
low affinity interaction that leads to rolling of neutrophil

18
Q

LFA-1

A

integrin
binds to ICAM-1 (integrin ligand)
high affinity interaction that causes binding of neutrophil

19
Q

PECAM-1

A

concentrated at endothelial cell junctions
aka CD31
allows neutrophil extravasation

20
Q

what type of macrophage has anti-microbial activity

A

M1

21
Q

what type of macrophage has anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving activity

A

M2

22
Q

M1

A

classically activated
anti-microbial activity
produce ROS, NO, and lysosomal enzymes to kill microbes
produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, 12, and 23)

23
Q

M2

A

once microbe is gone, M1 becomes M2
alternatively activated
anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving activity (IL-10 and TGF beta)

24
Q

TGF beta is secreted by

A

macrophages

initiates wound healing

25
Q

TGF beta function

A

initiates wound healing by inducing migration of fibroblasts to site and proliferation of them

26
Q

conditions that cause chronic inflammation

A

TB
syphilis (treponema pallidum)
chronic exposure to toxic agents
autoimmune diseases (lupus, RA)

27
Q

hallmarks of chronic inflammation

A

infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes
tissue destruction
angiogenesis and fibrosis (attempts at healing)

28
Q

systemic effects of inflammation

A

fever
neutrophilia
acute phase response
shock

29
Q

production of fever

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF lead to production of arachidonic acid
AA –> PGE2
PGE2 acts on hypothalamus –> cAMP (resets body temp)

30
Q

how do NSAIDs reduce fever

A

inhibit cyclooxygenase and block PGE2 synthesis

31
Q

production of neutrophilia

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF stimulate accelerated release of PMNs from bone marrow
sustained release by macrophage- and T lymphocyte-derived release of granulocyte colony stimulating factor

32
Q

advantages of fever

A

immune system functions more effectively at higher temp
host cells are protected from deleterious effects of TNF alpha at elevated temps
pathogens grow more poorly at elevated temps

33
Q

what is observed in neutrophilia

A

an increase in band forms (immature leukocytes)

34
Q

acute phase response

A

macrophage-derived IL-6 acts on hepatocytes to synthesize and release acute phase proteins (e.g., CRP), which act as opsonins
increase in plasma levels of acute phase proteins, leading to accelerated ESR

35
Q

shock

A

TNF causes vasodilation and vascular permeability
subsequent intravascular volume loss leads to hypotension and shock
TNF acts on heart, causing low output
systemic activation of coagulation system –> DIC –> cut off of blood supply to organs –> organ system and bleeding

36
Q

precursor of lipid mediators (PGD2, leukotrienes)

A

arachidonic acid

Microbiology/Immunology (30 decks)

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