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Pathology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of a Neutrophil

A

Mature: 3 multilobed nucleus
Immature: not folded nucleus

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2
Q

Characteristics of Eosinophils

A

Bilobed nucleus
Lare, Red cytoplasmic granules

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3
Q

Characteristics of Basophils

A

Nucleus obscured by dark blue granules

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4
Q

Characteristics of Lymphocytes

A

Single lobed, usually round

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5
Q

Characteristics of plasma cells

A

“Clock face: nucleus and perinuclear hof (Pink area)

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6
Q

Characteristics of Monocytes

A

Bean shaped, mononuclear

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7
Q

What are the cardinal clinical signs of acute inflammation?

A

Warmth
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function.

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8
Q

What are the systemic findings of acute inflammation

A

Chills
Fever
Myalgias

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9
Q

Acute inflammation lab findings: CBC

A

Increased WBC
Neutrophilia (sometimes with left shift)
Viral infection: lymphocytes
Parasitic: Eosinophilia

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10
Q

Acute inflammation lab findings: Finbrinogen, C-reactive protein

A

Increased levels.
These are acute phase proteins

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11
Q

Acute inflammation lab findings: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

A

Increased level
an indirect measure of fibrinogen

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12
Q

Mediator actions: Cytokines

A

Amplification and regulation of inflammation, fever
synthesis is required (macrophages, others)

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13
Q

Mediator actions: Histamine

A

Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation
Preformed in mast cells and platelets

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14
Q

Mediator actions: Leukotrienes

A

Chemotaxis, increased vascular permeability
Synthesis required (WBCs)

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15
Q

Mediator actions: Prostaglandins

A

Fever, pain, vasodilation
Synthesis required (WBCs)

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16
Q

What type of mediator is cytokins?

A

proteins

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17
Q

What type of mediator is Histamine?

A

Amine

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18
Q

What type of mediator is Leuotrienes?

A

Fatty acid Derivatives

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19
Q

What type of mediator is prostaglandins?

A

fatty acid derivatives

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20
Q

Corticosteriods inhibit what in inflammation?

A

Phospholipase

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21
Q

NSAIDs inhibit what for inflammation?

A

Cyclooxygenase

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22
Q

Wheal (edema) and flare (erythema) acute inflammation

A

allergen -> allergen - IgE - mast cell -> degranulation - > histamine - > vasodilation

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23
Q

Serous acute inflammation

A

injury -> leakage of cell and protein poor fluid
*Blister

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24
Q

Fibrous inflammation

A

Exudate: Proteinaceous fluid in extravascular space
Example: Fibrinous pericarditis (bread and butter)

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25
Suppurative inflammation
Abscess - collection of neutrophils Bacterial infection -> acute inflammation Example: boil (furuncle)
26
Catarrhal Inflammation
Abscess mucous membrane Ex: rhinorrhea
27
Actions of suppurative inflamamtion
Bacterial infection -> acute inflammation -> liquefaction of tissues -> cavity formation
28
Ulcerative Inflammation
Necrosis of mucosal surface or skin -> tissues sloughing -> ulcer
29
Pseudomembranous Inflammation
Often infection with C Diff
30
Caseous (Cheesy) Necrosis
Caseating central or cheesy middle Granuloma = Epithelioid histocytes (tissue macrophages) + lymphocytes +/- giant cells Almost always TB/fungi
31
Anoxia
Absence of O2 at cells/tissues
32
Hypoxia
Decreased oxygen level at cells/tissues
33
Hypoxemia
Decreased O2 level in arterial blood
34
Ischemia
Decreased blood supply to cells/tissues
35
Abscess
collection of neutrophils and necrotic debris (pus)
36
Acute Inflammation
Inflammation occurring quickly but lasting only up to days; characterized by warmth, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function (the cardinal clinical signs), and chills, fever, and myalgias
37
Adhesion
Stable attachment of neutrophils to endothelial cells (via integrins) during an acute inflammatory response
38
Biomarker
Substance measured using a lab test that may indicate diagnosis or prognosis or guide therapy (ex: elevated troponin is consistent with myocardial infarction)
39
C3a
Complement component and chemoattractant of WBCs
40
C3b:
Complement component and opsonin
41
Chemotaxis
Movement of WBCs toward a chemical gradient
42
Chronic Inflammation
Inflammation occurring after acute inflammation and lasting up to years (Ex: inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis) typically characterized by an increase in lymphocytes and macrophages, which interact to produce the inflammatory response
43
Colloid Osmotic (Oncotic) Pressure
Pressure that drives water into the vasculature, results from the presence of plasma proteins. Contras with hydrostatic pressure
44
Complement System
Part of the innate immune system composed of various proteins that aids int he detection and destruction of microbes, part of the inflammatory response
45
Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit phospholipase (decreasing prostaglandins)
46
Dendritic Cell
Tissue form on monocyte with dendritic cytoplasmic projections that is an antigen presenting cells; carries antigens to lymph nodes for presentation. Contrast with macrophage.
47
Epithelioid histiocyte
Tissue form of monocyte that vaguely resembles epithelial cells and forms part of granulomas. Contrast with macrophage
48
Exudate
fluid released from a blood vessel through spaces between the endothelial cells; is relatively cell and protein rich; is typical of inflammation; can be found in body spaces, cavities (ex: in pneumonia, some pleural effusions)
49
Granuloma
Chronic inflammatory pattern consisting of epithelioid histiocytles +- giant cells (fused histiocytes) +- lymphocytes; may be caseating (with necrotic core), seen most often with TB, or non-caseating, seen with TB, foreign bodies, fungi, sarcoidosis
50
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure that drives water out of the vasculature. Contrast with colloid osmotic pressure.
51
Inflammation
reaction of tissues or the body to injury, involving three components Immune cells Circulatory system Chemical Mediators
52
Left Shift
Presence of less mature neutrophils (such as bands) in the blood as sometimes seen with an acute inflammatory response
53
Macrophage
Tissue form of monocyte and an antigen presenting cells. Contrast with dendritic cell and epithelioid hystiocyte
54
Margination
Lining up of WBCs along the endothelium during an acute inflammatory response
55
Mast cells
The equivalent of basphils in tissues
56
Membrane attack Complex (MAC)
Complex of complement components that punches holes in microbial membranes, causing lysis
57
Neutrophilia
Increased numbers of neutrophils
58
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (decreasing prostaglandins)
59
Opsonin
Molecule that can coat a microbe, aiding phagocytosis
60
Phagocytosis
Engulfment of microbes and other objects by WBCs; uses specific membrane receptors to capture bacteria, which are destroyed by the production of reactive oxygen species, lysosomal enzymes
61
Rolling
Transient attachment of neutrophils to endothelial cells (via selectins) during an acute inflammatory response
62
Toll-like receptors
Part of the innate immune system that recognizes bacteria invaders, triggering an inflammatory response
63
Transmigration (emigration, diapedesis)
Movement of WBCs from the blood across the endothelium
64
Transudate
Fluid released from a blood vessel because of high hydrostatic pressure and/or low oncotic pressure; is relatively cell and protein poor
65
Sarcoidosis
disease characterized by widespread granulomas, often causing hilar node enlargements (bat wing); etiology unknown

Pathology (14 decks)

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