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Pathology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of a Neutrophil

A

Mature: 3 multilobed nucleus
Immature: not folded nucleus

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2
Q

Characteristics of Eosinophils

A

Bilobed nucleus
Lare, Red cytoplasmic granules

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3
Q

Characteristics of Basophils

A

Nucleus obscured by dark blue granules

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4
Q

Characteristics of Lymphocytes

A

Single lobed, usually round

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5
Q

Characteristics of plasma cells

A

“Clock face: nucleus and perinuclear hof (Pink area)

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6
Q

Characteristics of Monocytes

A

Bean shaped, mononuclear

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7
Q

What are the cardinal clinical signs of acute inflammation?

A

Warmth
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function.

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8
Q

What are the systemic findings of acute inflammation

A

Chills
Fever
Myalgias

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9
Q

Acute inflammation lab findings: CBC

A

Increased WBC
Neutrophilia (sometimes with left shift)
Viral infection: lymphocytes
Parasitic: Eosinophilia

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10
Q

Acute inflammation lab findings: Finbrinogen, C-reactive protein

A

Increased levels.
These are acute phase proteins

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11
Q

Acute inflammation lab findings: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

A

Increased level
an indirect measure of fibrinogen

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12
Q

Mediator actions: Cytokines

A

Amplification and regulation of inflammation, fever
synthesis is required (macrophages, others)

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13
Q

Mediator actions: Histamine

A

Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation
Preformed in mast cells and platelets

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14
Q

Mediator actions: Leukotrienes

A

Chemotaxis, increased vascular permeability
Synthesis required (WBCs)

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15
Q

Mediator actions: Prostaglandins

A

Fever, pain, vasodilation
Synthesis required (WBCs)

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16
Q

What type of mediator is cytokins?

A

proteins

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17
Q

What type of mediator is Histamine?

A

Amine

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18
Q

What type of mediator is Leuotrienes?

A

Fatty acid Derivatives

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19
Q

What type of mediator is prostaglandins?

A

fatty acid derivatives

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20
Q

Corticosteriods inhibit what in inflammation?

A

Phospholipase

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21
Q

NSAIDs inhibit what for inflammation?

A

Cyclooxygenase

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22
Q

Wheal (edema) and flare (erythema) acute inflammation

A

allergen -> allergen - IgE - mast cell -> degranulation - > histamine - > vasodilation

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23
Q

Serous acute inflammation

A

injury -> leakage of cell and protein poor fluid
*Blister

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24
Q

Fibrous inflammation

A

Exudate: Proteinaceous fluid in extravascular space
Example: Fibrinous pericarditis (bread and butter)

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25
Q

Suppurative inflammation

A

Abscess - collection of neutrophils
Bacterial infection -> acute inflammation
Example: boil (furuncle)

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26
Q

Catarrhal Inflammation

A

Abscess mucous membrane
Ex: rhinorrhea

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27
Q

Actions of suppurative inflamamtion

A

Bacterial infection -> acute inflammation -> liquefaction of tissues -> cavity formation

28
Q

Ulcerative Inflammation

A

Necrosis of mucosal surface or skin -> tissues sloughing -> ulcer

29
Q

Pseudomembranous Inflammation

A

Often infection with C Diff

30
Q

Caseous (Cheesy) Necrosis

A

Caseating central or cheesy middle
Granuloma = Epithelioid histocytes (tissue macrophages) + lymphocytes +/- giant cells
Almost always TB/fungi

31
Q

Anoxia

A

Absence of O2 at cells/tissues

32
Q

Hypoxia

A

Decreased oxygen level at cells/tissues

33
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Decreased O2 level in arterial blood

34
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood supply to cells/tissues

35
Q

Abscess

A

collection of neutrophils and necrotic debris (pus)

36
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

Inflammation occurring quickly but lasting only up to days; characterized by warmth, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function (the cardinal clinical signs), and chills, fever, and myalgias

37
Q

Adhesion

A

Stable attachment of neutrophils to endothelial cells (via integrins) during an acute inflammatory response

38
Q

Biomarker

A

Substance measured using a lab test that may indicate diagnosis or prognosis or guide therapy (ex: elevated troponin is consistent with myocardial infarction)

39
Q

C3a

A

Complement component and chemoattractant of WBCs

40
Q

C3b:

A

Complement component and opsonin

41
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of WBCs toward a chemical gradient

42
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Inflammation occurring after acute inflammation and lasting up to years (Ex: inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis) typically characterized by an increase in lymphocytes and macrophages, which interact to produce the inflammatory response

43
Q

Colloid Osmotic (Oncotic) Pressure

A

Pressure that drives water into the vasculature, results from the presence of plasma proteins. Contras with hydrostatic pressure

44
Q

Complement System

A

Part of the innate immune system composed of various proteins that aids int he detection and destruction of microbes, part of the inflammatory response

45
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit phospholipase (decreasing prostaglandins)

46
Q

Dendritic Cell

A

Tissue form on monocyte with dendritic cytoplasmic projections that is an antigen presenting cells; carries antigens to lymph nodes for presentation. Contrast with macrophage.

47
Q

Epithelioid histiocyte

A

Tissue form of monocyte that vaguely resembles epithelial cells and forms part of granulomas. Contrast with macrophage

48
Q

Exudate

A

fluid released from a blood vessel through spaces between the endothelial cells; is relatively cell and protein rich; is typical of inflammation; can be found in body spaces, cavities (ex: in pneumonia, some pleural effusions)

49
Q

Granuloma

A

Chronic inflammatory pattern consisting of epithelioid histiocytles +- giant cells (fused histiocytes) +- lymphocytes; may be caseating (with necrotic core), seen most often with TB, or non-caseating, seen with TB, foreign bodies, fungi, sarcoidosis

50
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure that drives water out of the vasculature. Contrast with colloid osmotic pressure.

51
Q

Inflammation

A

reaction of tissues or the body to injury, involving three components
Immune cells
Circulatory system
Chemical Mediators

52
Q

Left Shift

A

Presence of less mature neutrophils (such as bands) in the blood as sometimes seen with an acute inflammatory response

53
Q

Macrophage

A

Tissue form of monocyte and an antigen presenting cells. Contrast with dendritic cell and epithelioid hystiocyte

54
Q

Margination

A

Lining up of WBCs along the endothelium during an acute inflammatory response

55
Q

Mast cells

A

The equivalent of basphils in tissues

56
Q

Membrane attack Complex (MAC)

A

Complex of complement components that punches holes in microbial membranes, causing lysis

57
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increased numbers of neutrophils

58
Q

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (decreasing prostaglandins)

59
Q

Opsonin

A

Molecule that can coat a microbe, aiding phagocytosis

60
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfment of microbes and other objects by WBCs; uses specific membrane receptors to capture bacteria, which are destroyed by the production of reactive oxygen species, lysosomal enzymes

61
Q

Rolling

A

Transient attachment of neutrophils to endothelial cells (via selectins) during an acute inflammatory response

62
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

Part of the innate immune system that recognizes bacteria invaders, triggering an inflammatory response

63
Q

Transmigration (emigration, diapedesis)

A

Movement of WBCs from the blood across the endothelium

64
Q

Transudate

A

Fluid released from a blood vessel because of high hydrostatic pressure and/or low oncotic pressure; is relatively cell and protein poor

65
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

disease characterized by widespread granulomas, often causing hilar node enlargements (bat wing); etiology unknown

Pathology (11 decks)

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