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Pathology > CNS and Skeletal Muscle Lecture > Flashcards

CNS and Skeletal Muscle Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Falx meninges?

A

The portion of the dura that comes down in between the left and the right hemispheres

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2
Q

What is the tentorium of the brain?

A

Dura that separates the cerebrum from the posterior fossa (upper and lower)

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3
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connects the left and right and helps you achieve coordinated activities between both sides. Ex: clapping hands

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4
Q

Cortex (Grey Matter)

A

Where most neurons are located, looks grey because of cell bodies

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4
Q

White Matter

A

looks like because of the axons

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5
Q

What is the oligodendrocyte?

A

Forms myelin in CNS and maintains myelin

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6
Q

What is an astrocyte?

A

Supportive cells; react to injury (gliosis); create blood brain barrier

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7
Q

What is microglia?

A

Macrophages; ex: after tissue is damaged from a stroke they clean up

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8
Q

What are Ependymal Cells?

A

Separate brain from CNS fluid. They also have appendages to help them move the CNS fluid out

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9
Q

Function of oligo in CNS?

A

Myelinate a lot of axons

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10
Q

Function of oligo in PNS?

A

There will be one oligo and one axon

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11
Q

Papilledema is caused by?

A

It is secondary to increased intracranial pressure

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12
Q

In PNS what makes the myelin?

A

Schwann Cell; it wraps around the axon

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13
Q

Clinical appearance of Right Uncal Herniation

A

Right eye: downward and outward gaze, dilated pupil, eyelid manually elevated due to ptosis

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14
Q

What is decorticate posturing?

A

When hands are drawn up and in; feet are fixed downward

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15
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Too much fluid on the brain.

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16
Q

Causes of Hydrocephalus?

A

Obstruction of CSF flow
Increased CSF production
Decreased reabsorption

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17
Q

What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

As you lose volume in brain you start absorbing more CNS and there is a loss of brain tissue

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18
Q

Why is a break in the temporal bone concerning?

A

Possible meningitis because the sinus cavity is exposing the brain and not sterile. Needs antibiotics

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19
Q

Signs of a temporal bone break

A

Racoon eyes (bleeding behind eyes); Battle’s sign (bruise behind under ear)

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20
Q

Coup Contusion

A

Contusion at the site of impact

21
Q

Contrecoup Contusion

A

Opposite side of impact

22
Q

Where are contusions most likely to happen?

A

Base of the brain due to the bone being more rough

23
Q

What is Epidural hemorrhage?

A

Between the skull and the dura; Has to have serious force to rupture the temporal artery

24
Q

What is the lucid interval?

A

happens after someone hits their head, does not get scanned and the hematoma in their brain gradually enlarges causing the brain to hemorrhage

25
Q

What is a subdural hemorrhage?

A

It is between the dura and the arachnoid; molds to the brain; caused by bleeding veins; happens more in older people

26
Q

What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

in between the arachnoid and the pia; ruptured blood vessel; Two most common causes are: trauma injury and a ruptured aneurysm

27
Q

Grade 1 Concussion

A

Symptoms last for less than 15 minutes with no loss of consciousness

28
Q

Grade 2 Concussion

A

Symptoms last for more than 15 minutes with no loss of consciousness

29
Q

Grade 3 Concussion

A

Concussion symptoms include loss of consciousness

30
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A

damage from repeated concussions. Depression and anxiety can be caused by this

31
Q

What age is concussions worse in children?

A

Before 12

32
Q

characteristics of a damaged neuron?

A

Turns hot pink, shrink and shrivel

33
Q

What is a intraparenchymal abcess?

A

Bacterial puss in the brain. The brain is really good at fighting these, this means IV antibiotics are not going to help, needs surgery

34
Q

Actions of Tuberbulosis

A

Likes the meninges

35
Q

Actions of syphilis

A

Damages spinal cord, known as Tabes Dorsalis

36
Q

Herpes

A

(viral) cold sore type can affect temporal lobes, results in hemorrhage, bloody spinal tap

36
Q

Clinical signs of Tabes Dorsalis

A

Shuffles feet, does not have the brain connection to pick up feet

37
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

atrophies extremities, incurable (viral)

38
Q

Rubella (TORCH)

A

(viral) infection from mom to baby that affects the whole brain, not just a specific area. Results in little development of the brain

39
Q

Rabies

A

Rare, whatever is the point of infection, the virus travels up the nerves to the spinal cord to the brain. Causing sensitivity to light

40
Q

Fungal Infections

A

Not common, got to the brain from the blood stream. Could be caused by the fracture in the temporal bone and fungus from sinus infects the brain

41
Q

Cryptococcus

A

Makes the brain look soapy

42
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Most common dementia. Diagnosed by clinical context. Causes brain atrophy

43
Q

Huntington’s Disease characteristics

A

The caudate nucleus (controls motor function) is damaged. Patients shake and tremor, die very young

44
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease

A

It is NOT a mutation, it is an abundance of CAG repeats

45
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Affects midbrain, accumulation of synuclein protein that kills the motor neuron. Unknown underlying cause

46
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Genetic inherited disorder causing neurons to degenerate and die. Loses control of limbs.

47
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Demyelination. Immune system attacks the myelin. Cause is unknown. Steroids help. Only affects CNS nerves (optic and brain)

48
Q

What does Multiple Sclerosis look like on scans?

A

C shaped enhancement. Can be anywhere with white matter

49
Q

What does Multiple Sclerosis look like under a microscope?

A

A lot of macrophages (eating myelin)

50
Q

Guillan - Barre (Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis)

A

Only affects peripheral nerves. Demyelination. Starts peripherally and moves upward. Autoimmune. Symptoms start in fingers and toes and moved toward diaphragm. Can be survived

Pathology (14 decks)

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