CNS and Skeletal Muscle Lecture

Question 1

What is the Falx meninges?

Answer 1

The portion of the dura that comes down in between the left and the right hemispheres

Question 2

What is the tentorium of the brain?

Answer 2

Dura that separates the cerebrum from the posterior fossa (upper and lower)

Question 3

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 3

Connects the left and right and helps you achieve coordinated activities between both sides. Ex: clapping hands

Question 4

Cortex (Grey Matter)

Answer 4

Where most neurons are located, looks grey because of cell bodies

Question 4

White Matter

Answer 4

looks like because of the axons

Question 5

What is the oligodendrocyte?

Answer 5

Forms myelin in CNS and maintains myelin

Question 6

What is an astrocyte?

Answer 6

Supportive cells; react to injury (gliosis); create blood brain barrier

Question 7

What is microglia?

Answer 7

Macrophages; ex: after tissue is damaged from a stroke they clean up

Question 8

What are Ependymal Cells?

Answer 8

Separate brain from CNS fluid. They also have appendages to help them move the CNS fluid out

Question 9

Function of oligo in CNS?

Answer 9

Myelinate a lot of axons

Question 10

Function of oligo in PNS?

Answer 10

There will be one oligo and one axon

Question 11

Papilledema is caused by?

Answer 11

It is secondary to increased intracranial pressure

Question 12

In PNS what makes the myelin?

Answer 12

Schwann Cell; it wraps around the axon

Question 13

Clinical appearance of Right Uncal Herniation

Answer 13

Right eye: downward and outward gaze, dilated pupil, eyelid manually elevated due to ptosis

Question 14

What is decorticate posturing?

Answer 14

When hands are drawn up and in; feet are fixed downward

Question 15

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 15

Too much fluid on the brain.

Question 16

Causes of Hydrocephalus?

Answer 16

Obstruction of CSF flow
Increased CSF production
Decreased reabsorption

Question 17

What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

Answer 17

As you lose volume in brain you start absorbing more CNS and there is a loss of brain tissue

Question 18

Why is a break in the temporal bone concerning?

Answer 18

Possible meningitis because the sinus cavity is exposing the brain and not sterile. Needs antibiotics

Question 19

Signs of a temporal bone break

Answer 19

Racoon eyes (bleeding behind eyes); Battle’s sign (bruise behind under ear)

Question 20

Coup Contusion

Answer 20

Contusion at the site of impact

Question 21

Contrecoup Contusion

Answer 21

Opposite side of impact

Question 22

Where are contusions most likely to happen?

Answer 22

Base of the brain due to the bone being more rough

Question 23

What is Epidural hemorrhage?

Answer 23

Between the skull and the dura; Has to have serious force to rupture the temporal artery

Question 24

What is the lucid interval?

Answer 24

happens after someone hits their head, does not get scanned and the hematoma in their brain gradually enlarges causing the brain to hemorrhage

Question 25

What is a subdural hemorrhage?

Answer 25

It is between the dura and the arachnoid; molds to the brain; caused by bleeding veins; happens more in older people

Question 26

What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 26

in between the arachnoid and the pia; ruptured blood vessel; Two most common causes are: trauma injury and a ruptured aneurysm

Question 27

Grade 1 Concussion

Answer 27

Symptoms last for less than 15 minutes with no loss of consciousness

Question 28

Grade 2 Concussion

Answer 28

Symptoms last for more than 15 minutes with no loss of consciousness

Question 29

Grade 3 Concussion

Answer 29

Concussion symptoms include loss of consciousness

Question 30

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Answer 30

damage from repeated concussions. Depression and anxiety can be caused by this

Question 31

What age is concussions worse in children?

Answer 31

Before 12

Question 32

characteristics of a damaged neuron?

Answer 32

Turns hot pink, shrink and shrivel

Question 33

What is a intraparenchymal abcess?

Answer 33

Bacterial puss in the brain. The brain is really good at fighting these, this means IV antibiotics are not going to help, needs surgery

Question 34

Actions of Tuberbulosis

Answer 34

Likes the meninges

Question 35

Actions of syphilis

Answer 35

Damages spinal cord, known as Tabes Dorsalis

Question 36

Herpes

Answer 36

(viral) cold sore type can affect temporal lobes, results in hemorrhage, bloody spinal tap

Question 36

Clinical signs of Tabes Dorsalis

Answer 36

Shuffles feet, does not have the brain connection to pick up feet

Question 37

Poliomyelitis

Answer 37

atrophies extremities, incurable (viral)

Question 38

Rubella (TORCH)

Answer 38

(viral) infection from mom to baby that affects the whole brain, not just a specific area. Results in little development of the brain

Question 39

Rabies

Answer 39

Rare, whatever is the point of infection, the virus travels up the nerves to the spinal cord to the brain. Causing sensitivity to light

Question 40

Fungal Infections

Answer 40

Not common, got to the brain from the blood stream. Could be caused by the fracture in the temporal bone and fungus from sinus infects the brain

Question 41

Cryptococcus

Answer 41

Makes the brain look soapy

Question 42

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 42

Most common dementia. Diagnosed by clinical context. Causes brain atrophy

Question 43

Huntington's Disease characteristics

Answer 43

The caudate nucleus (controls motor function) is damaged. Patients shake and tremor, die very young

Question 44

What is Huntington's Disease

Answer 44

It is NOT a mutation, it is an abundance of CAG repeats

Question 45

Parkinson's Disease

Answer 45

Affects midbrain, accumulation of synuclein protein that kills the motor neuron. Unknown underlying cause

Question 46

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Answer 46

Genetic inherited disorder causing neurons to degenerate and die. Loses control of limbs.

Question 47

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 47

Demyelination. Immune system attacks the myelin. Cause is unknown. Steroids help. Only affects CNS nerves (optic and brain)

Question 48

What does Multiple Sclerosis look like on scans?

Answer 48

C shaped enhancement. Can be anywhere with white matter

Question 49

What does Multiple Sclerosis look like under a microscope?

Answer 49

A lot of macrophages (eating myelin)

Question 50

Guillan - Barre (Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis)

Answer 50

Only affects peripheral nerves. Demyelination. Starts peripherally and moves upward. Autoimmune. Symptoms start in fingers and toes and moved toward diaphragm. Can be survived