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pathophysiology > Inflamation And Immunology > Flashcards

Inflamation And Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main physiologic effects of stimulating histamine receptors during the inflammatory response?

A

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Vasodilation of the local arterioles in order to bring more WBCs to the area and increased capillary permeability to allow the WBCs to escape into the tissues to fight the infection

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2
Q

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins play a role in:

A

Maintaining the inflammatory response after mast cell degranulation has occurred.

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3
Q

Ellen Harald is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to her rib cage with extensive soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to:

A

Release of prostaglandins.

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4
Q

The swelling of the tissue around the injury is a direct result of:

A

Increased capillary permeability.

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5
Q

Which circulating white blood cell is present in the greatest quantities in the blood and generally is the first to arrive at the site of an infection?

A

Neutrophil

Up to 70% of the white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood are neutrophils. The other WBCs are present in much smaller quantities. The neutrophil is the ‘first responder’ in an inflammatory response. They generally start arriving between 6-12 hours after mast cell degranulation.

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6
Q

Eosinophils are phagocytes that play an important role in:

A

parasitic infections.

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7
Q

An elevation in the blood levels of which of the following cells would indicate the presence of a chronic bone infection?

A

Monocytes

A monocyte is the ‘immature’ macrophage that is released from the bone marrow and circulates in the blood stream until an inflammatory response occurs.

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8
Q

Which of the following patients is at risk for developing infections because their levels of complement proteins are low?

A

A 72 year old man with liver failure due to alcoholic cirrhosis.

Complement proteins are produced and released by the liver. Severe liver disease and the resulting hepatocyte injury could result in a decrease in the production of complement proteins which are essential for fighting infections.

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9
Q

What are the primary actions/effects of activated complement proteins?

A

Cell lysis

Vasodilation & increased capillary permeability

Opsonization

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10
Q

What are some systemic manifestations of acute inflammation?

A

INCREASED C-reactive protein levels.
Fever.
Leukocytosis.
Increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation.

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11
Q

Which of the following descriptions is the best definition of the term ‘antigen’ in immunology?

A

Any molecule that is recognized by lymphocytes and reacts with antibodies

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12
Q

What is a true statement about human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

A

HLA allows the immune system to distinguish cells of its own body from foreign microorganisms and tissues.

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13
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Antibodies are immunoglobulins
Antibodies can neutralize both bacteria and viruses
Antibodies opsonize bacteria and other foreign organisms

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14
Q

Secretions from the mucous membranes of the respiratory and GI tracts primarily contain which antibody?

A

IgA

Also known as secretory IgA

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15
Q

Which antibody would have the highest titers during a secondary immune response?

A

IgG

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16
Q

Opsonization of bacteria with complement proteins and antibodies promotes:

A

phagocytosis.

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17
Q

How does vaccination confer immunity against an infectious disease?

A

The production of memory B and T lymphocytes makes the immune system ready to mount a secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the microorganism.

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18
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Rapid
Nonspecific
No memory
Involves cells and plasma protein systems

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19
Q

Immune response

A

Slower
Specific
Memory
Involves lymphocytes and antibodies
Can be induced by vaccination

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20
Q

What is the Mast cell function?

A

immediate release of histamine through a process called degranulation.

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21
Q

What are the functions of histamine?

A

Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Non-vascular smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction)

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22
Q

What other mediators does the Mast Cell synthesizes?

A

Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins

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23
Q

What is Leukotrienes function?

A

Same as histamine
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Non-vascular smooth muscle contraction

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24
Q

What is the function of Prostaglandins?

A

Function like histamine plus pain and fever.

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25
Q

Basophil function

A

Release histamine and Leukotrienes in bloodstream.

Is the last common WBC < 1.0%

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26
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Phagocytosis- destruction of cells via lysosomal &/or free radical injury

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27
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Arrive quickly during acute phases of inflammation (6-12 hours after degranulation)
Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris.

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28
Q

How does neutrophil conduct phagocytosis?

A

They destroy the cells via lysosomal and/or free radical injury.

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29
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Phagocytosis of parasites
Involved in allergic response (type 1 hypersensitivities)

30
Q

What is the difference between Monocytes and Macrophages?

A

Released into the bloodstream by the bone marrow as monocyte (immature WBC)
Migrate to inflammatory site and transform into Macrophage (within 24-72 hours of degranulation)

31
Q

Macrophage function

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris
Promote wound healing

32
Q

What are the plasma proteins produced by?

A

The liver

33
Q

What is the Complement system of plasma proteins?

A

Each activated protein promotes inflammation in some way AND activates the next protein in cascade
All three ways of starting cascade lead to the same effects

34
Q

What are the Complement System Effects?

A

vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction
Opsonization
Chemotaxis
Lysis of bacteria and other cells by membrane attack complex (MAC)
Clotting system

35
Q

What is opsonization?

A

It makes the bacteria “tasty” promoting phagocytosis

36
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

Is a chemical movement that sends signals for WBC to follow

37
Q

How does the membrane attack complex (MAC) works?

A

Proteins come together and make a hole in the bacteria’s cell wall

38
Q

What is the clotting system?

A

Consist of fibrin
Forms a meshwork to stop the bleeding
Limits infection
Forms framework for scar tissue formation

39
Q

What are local manifestations of inflammation?

A

Heat and redness
Pain
Edema/swelling (due to leaky capillaries)

40
Q

What are systematic manifestations of inflammation?

A

Fever
Leukocytosis (increase in total WBC count)
C-reactive protein
Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

41
Q

The swelling of the tissue around the injury is a direct result of:

A

increased capillary permeability.

42
Q

What causes vascular response to systemic or severe inflammation?

A

Bloodstream infection (bacteremia)
Severe localized infection (e.g., wound or urinary tract infection)
Massive trauma (e.g., crush or burn injuries)

43
Q

What is the Vascular response to systemic or severe inflammation?

A

Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Systemic edema
Hypovolemia
Sepsis
Septic shock

44
Q

What is Sepsis?

A

a systematic inflammatory response to a bloodstream infection

45
Q

What is septic shock?

A

severe hypotension due to sepsis

46
Q

Sepsis is a dangerous condition where the systemic inflammatory response is unchecked, ______ and thus depleting blood fluids.

A

making the capillaries throughout the body very leaky

47
Q

What type of cells are produced by the immune response?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

48
Q

Which cell produces antibodies (immunoglobulins)?

A

B lymphocytes

49
Q

What is the role of T lymphocytes?

A

Direct killing microorganisms and foreign tissues

50
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule that is recognized by lymphocytes and reacts with antibodies

51
Q

What are examples of foreign non-human antigens?

A

Virus and bacteria (pose a legitimate threat)
Pollen and food allergies (elicit pathogenic reactions)

52
Q

What is a self antigen and some examples?

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)- Specific form of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) protein
A, B (and Rh) Antigen in red blood cells

53
Q

What is the difference between immunoglobulins (Ig) and antibody?

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig) - Term used to denote all types

Antibody - Immunoglobulins that have specificity for a particular antigen

54
Q

What is the best definition of the term ‘antigen’ in immunology?

A

Any molecule that is recognized by lymphocytes and reacts with antibodies

55
Q

What are some statements about antibodies?

A

Antibodies opsonize bacteria and other foreign organisms.
Antibodies are immunoglobulins.
Antibodies can neutralize toxins.

56
Q

What are the different antibody classes?

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE

57
Q

Which class of immunoglobulins is the first antibody produced during the primary response to antigen

A

IgM

58
Q

Which class of immunoglobulins is the one produced in high concentration during a secondary response to antigen?

A

IgG

59
Q

Which antibody is associated with allergies?

A

IgE

60
Q

What are the types of interacting T Lymphocytes?

A

Helper T - Th
Cytotoxic T - Tc
Regulatory T – Treg

61
Q

Helper T- Th cell function

A

Get input from phagocytes and activate other lymphocytes, they get activated by antigen presenting cells (phagocytes)

62
Q

Cytotoxic T-Tc cell function

A

Some Tc cells kill directly
Some Tc cells become Memory T cells

63
Q

Regulatory T – Treg cell function

A

Suppress B and T cell activation

64
Q

What other cells does Helper T (Th) cell activate?

A

Th activate B cells
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cell- Tc cells kill directly
Memory T (Tm) cell- Tm for faster secondary response

In the absence of functioning Th cells, such as in untreated HIV infection that develops into AIDS, the entire immune response is compromised

65
Q

Antibodies are produced by ______.

A

plasma cells that were formed from B cells.

66
Q

True or False?

Memory T cells (Tm) are partly responsible for a faster secondary immune response.

A

True

67
Q

What is the vaccination rationale?

A

Stimulate production of memory B cells and memory T cells

Enjoy the speed and strength of a secondary immune response

Use nonpathogenic forms or components of the microbes

68
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A

Virulent microbes are killed to abolish their infectivity and pathogenicity, yet still retain their immunogenicity.

69
Q

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

A

Microbes are treated to reduce their infectivity and pathogenicity, yet still retain their immunogenicity.
may not be safe for immunocompromised individuals.

70
Q

What is a toxoid vaccine?

A

Vaccine is made from inactivated bacterial toxin or other toxin, such as snake venom

71
Q

What is an RNA vaccine?

A

Vaccine is made from RNA that codes for the COVID-19 spike protein

The RNA needs to be taken up by cells, translated into the spike protein.

The newly synthesized protein becomes the antigen that our immune system mounts an attack against.

pathophysiology (14 decks)

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