Inflamation And Immunology Flashcards
What are the main physiologic effects of stimulating histamine receptors during the inflammatory response?
Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Vasodilation of the local arterioles in order to bring more WBCs to the area and increased capillary permeability to allow the WBCs to escape into the tissues to fight the infection
Leukotrienes and prostaglandins play a role in:
Maintaining the inflammatory response after mast cell degranulation has occurred.
Ellen Harald is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to her rib cage with extensive soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to:
Release of prostaglandins.
The swelling of the tissue around the injury is a direct result of:
Increased capillary permeability.
Which circulating white blood cell is present in the greatest quantities in the blood and generally is the first to arrive at the site of an infection?
Neutrophil
Up to 70% of the white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood are neutrophils. The other WBCs are present in much smaller quantities. The neutrophil is the ‘first responder’ in an inflammatory response. They generally start arriving between 6-12 hours after mast cell degranulation.
Eosinophils are phagocytes that play an important role in:
parasitic infections.
An elevation in the blood levels of which of the following cells would indicate the presence of a chronic bone infection?
Monocytes
A monocyte is the ‘immature’ macrophage that is released from the bone marrow and circulates in the blood stream until an inflammatory response occurs.
Which of the following patients is at risk for developing infections because their levels of complement proteins are low?
A 72 year old man with liver failure due to alcoholic cirrhosis.
Complement proteins are produced and released by the liver. Severe liver disease and the resulting hepatocyte injury could result in a decrease in the production of complement proteins which are essential for fighting infections.
What are the primary actions/effects of activated complement proteins?
Cell lysis
Vasodilation & increased capillary permeability
Opsonization
What are some systemic manifestations of acute inflammation?
INCREASED C-reactive protein levels.
Fever.
Leukocytosis.
Increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation.
Which of the following descriptions is the best definition of the term ‘antigen’ in immunology?
Any molecule that is recognized by lymphocytes and reacts with antibodies
What is a true statement about human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
HLA allows the immune system to distinguish cells of its own body from foreign microorganisms and tissues.
What do antibodies do?
Antibodies are immunoglobulins
Antibodies can neutralize both bacteria and viruses
Antibodies opsonize bacteria and other foreign organisms
Secretions from the mucous membranes of the respiratory and GI tracts primarily contain which antibody?
IgA
Also known as secretory IgA
Which antibody would have the highest titers during a secondary immune response?
IgG
Opsonization of bacteria with complement proteins and antibodies promotes:
phagocytosis.
How does vaccination confer immunity against an infectious disease?
The production of memory B and T lymphocytes makes the immune system ready to mount a secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the microorganism.
Inflammatory response
Rapid
Nonspecific
No memory
Involves cells and plasma protein systems
Immune response
Slower
Specific
Memory
Involves lymphocytes and antibodies
Can be induced by vaccination
What is the Mast cell function?
immediate release of histamine through a process called degranulation.
What are the functions of histamine?
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Non-vascular smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction)
What other mediators does the Mast Cell synthesizes?
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
What is Leukotrienes function?
Same as histamine
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Non-vascular smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of Prostaglandins?
Function like histamine plus pain and fever.
Basophil function
Release histamine and Leukotrienes in bloodstream.
Is the last common WBC < 1.0%
Neutrophil function
Phagocytosis- destruction of cells via lysosomal &/or free radical injury
Neutrophil function
Arrive quickly during acute phases of inflammation (6-12 hours after degranulation)
Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris.
How does neutrophil conduct phagocytosis?
They destroy the cells via lysosomal and/or free radical injury.