Alterations Of Cell Function

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

Decrease in cell size

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

Increase in cell size

Question 3

Hyperplasia

Answer 3

Increase in the rate of cell division.

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

The reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another.

Question 5

Dysplasia

Answer 5

Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of cells.

Question 6

Hypoxemia

Answer 6

Decreased oxygen content in the blood.

Question 7

Ischemia

Answer 7

Blockage in the blood vessel

Question 8

Anemia

Answer 8

Low red blood cells, low oxygen carrying capacity.

Question 9

Reperfusion injury

Answer 9

Introducing oxygen to tissue that has been hypoxic causes the formation of free radical molecules.

Question 10

How may free radicals cause cell injury?

Answer 10

Free radicals damage DNA.

Question 11

What inactivates free radicals?

Answer 11

Antioxidants

Question 12

Necrosis

Answer 12

Cell death due to injury.

Question 13

Gangrene

Answer 13

Extensive cell death due to injury.

Question 14

Apoptosis

Answer 14

“Programmed” cell death.

Question 15

Decrease protein and lipid synthesis due to hypoxic injury results in:

Answer 15

Inability to repair plasma membrane damage.

Question 16

Decreased sodium-potassium pump function due to hypoxic injury results in:

Answer 16

Cell swelling

Question 17

Hyperplasia is an increase in the

Answer 17

Rate of cell division.

Question 18

An increase in the amount of actin and myosin in the muscle cells occurs during the process of cellular:

Answer 18

Hypertrophy.

Question 19

Decreased oxygen content (low %) in the blood is called:

Answer 19

Hypoxemia

Question 20

Hormonal…. Occurs in examples like when women are pregnant and begin to lactate.

Answer 20

Hyperplasia

Question 21

Is an example of when the liver regenerates missing pieces that come back…

Answer 21

Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 22

This is known as the abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells

Answer 22

Dysplasia

Question 23

When Na+ accumulates in the cell, what happens next?

Answer 23

Cellular and organelle swelling which can lead to lysing

Question 24

When there is a decreased ATP production it causes the failure of the Ca+ pump. This causes the accumulation of Ca+ in the cell. What two processes occur due to the Ca+ accumulation?

Answer 24

Crystallization of calcium in the mitochondria and plasma membrane damage.

Question 25

This process is the loss of plasma membrane structure, swelling of the organelles, mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to the death of cells.

Answer 25

Necrosis

Question 26

Cellular hypertrophy is accomplished through accumulations of intracellular fluid.

Answer 26

False

Hypertrophy involved an increase in cell size and is caused by an increase in cellular structures such as action and myosin in muscle cells. Increases in intracellular fluid is called cell swelling and occurs as a result of cell injury or due to osmotic charges. Cellular swelling is not an adaptive mechanism.

Question 27

The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:

Answer 27

hormonal hyperplasia

During pregnancy, an increase in the hormone estrogen during the first two trimesters that results in breast enlargement and development of the mammary glands that produce breastmilk.

Question 28

Muscular atrophy due to a spinal cord injury involves a decrease in all of the following:

Answer 28

number of mitochondria in each muscle cell.
number of actin and myosin molecules in the sarcomeres.
muscle cell size.

Question 29

_____________ is defined as low oxygen content in the blood.

Answer 29

Hypoxemia

Question 30

Cellular swelling during hypoxic injury results from:

Answer 30

failure of the sodium-potassium pump.

Cell swelling following hypoxic injury occurs when decreased ATP production causes the sodium-potassium pump to reduce it’s transport of Na+ out of the cell. Na+ accumulation in the cell increases the osmolarity of the cytoplasm, which causes water to be drawn into the cells. This process also causes organelle swelling and dysfunction.

Question 31

What happens following failure of the calcium pumps during hypoxic injury?

Answer 31

Calcium accumulates in the mitochondria leading to cell death.

Question 32

The early dilation and swelling of the cell’s endoplasmic reticulum during hypoxic injury results in:

Answer 32

decreased protein production and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm.

The endoplasmic reticulum is the site for protein synthesis in cells. Under hypoxic conditions, decrease ATP production leads to decreased protein synthesis. In some cells that produce large quantities of lipids for extracellular transport such as the liver, decreased protein synthesis results in lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm. In this liver this manifests as ‘fatty liver’.

Question 33

When exposed to hypoxic conditions, why do liver cells accumulate lipids in the cytoplasm?

Answer 33

Cell hypoxia results in the decreased production of transporter proteins.

Question 34

Anaerobic metabolism due to hypoxia results in the production of:

Answer 34

lactic acid.

When cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, there are two consequences: 1) a decrease in the amount of ATP produced and 2) the production of lactic acid as a byproduct. Lactic acid causes injury to the lysosomal membranes resulting in the release of lysosomal enzymes in the cell.

Question 35

In the human body, free radical damage to cells can be caused by:

Answer 35

UV radiation.
ingesting and metabolizing alcohol.
ATP production.

Question 36

Which molecules are antioxidant molecules in the human diet?

Answer 36

Vitamin C
Omega-3 fatty acids
Vitamin E

Question 37

Apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to:

Answer 37

Die

Apoptosis occurs when intracellular or extracellular signals tell a cell to die. This usually occurs when a cell has aged, becomes injured or has sustained a harmful DNA mutation.

Question 38

A 76-year old man with a history of chronic pulmonary disease presents to an urgent care clinic with a cough and shortness of breath. Which action should the nurse take first?

This question combines knowledge of hypoxic injury causes and prioritization of nursing action using the mnemonic ABCD - Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability.

Answer 38

Assess the client’s blood oxygen levels using a pulse oximeter to assess for hypoxemia.

A client with chronic respiratory disease who is short of breath may be hypoxemic. Since there is no indication that the patient’s airway is compromised, the next step is to assess the effectiveness of the client’s breathing by examining blood oxygen levels.

Question 39

A 26-year old African American female with a history sickle cell anemia is planning a vacation. Which of the following activities would the nurse advise this woman not to do?

Answer 39

Take a tram ride up a 10,000 ft mountain for sight seeing

Question 40

Parents of a 13 year old girl asks the nurse why the physician recommends that their daughter get vaccinated with human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine. What explanation should the nurse provide to the parents and daughter.

Answer 40

The vaccine can prevent cervical dysplasia and cancer.

The most common cause of cervical dysplasia that can develop into cancer is human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Preventing HPV infection with vaccination is the most effective way to prevent cervical dysplasia and cancer. None of the other responses are correct.