Alterations Of Pulmonary Function

Question 1

individual that has orthopnea reports the following:

Answer 1

A woman who reports sleeping in a chair because she has difficulty breathing when lying flat

Question 2

Which condition is the direct cause of respiratory acidosis in pulmonary diseases?

Answer 2

Hypercapnia

Question 3

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ___.

Answer 3

Diffusion

Question 4

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.

Answer 4

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Question 5

A pneumothorax is the accumulation of ________ between the lung and the chest wall.

Answer 5

Air

Question 6

Lung tissue consolidation and impaired gas exchange in bacterial pneumonia is caused by

Answer 6

Bronchioles and alveoli fill with exudates and infectious debris.

Question 7

How is COVID-19 usually transmitted?

Answer 7

Through droplets that come from the mouth and nose when coughing or exhaling

Question 8

Airway obstruction during an acute asthma attack results from…

Answer 8

bronchial edema.
mucus production in the airways.
bronchoconstriction.

Question 9

How does chronic hypoxemia contribute to right ventricular failure?

Answer 9

Arterioles in the lung constrict, which causes pulmonary hypertension and strains the right side of heart.

Question 10

Emphysema is caused by a deficiency in:

Answer 10

alpha-1 antitrypsin

Question 11

What is the sign and symptom of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 11

Productive cough
Shortness of breath

Question 12

Which condition do the alveolar sacs always lose elasticity which can lead to “air-trapping?

Answer 12

Emphysema

Question 13

Why do adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis have problems with malnutrition and weight loss?

Answer 13

The pancreatic duct is plugged with mucus, which reduces pancreatic enzyme secretion.

Question 14

Cystic Fibrosis affects which body system(s)?

Answer 14

Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
Cardiovascular system

Question 15

Which are potential sources of pulmonary emboli?

Answer 15

Fat from long bone fractures.
DVTs from the lower extremity veins.
DVTs in the upper extremity veins.

Question 16

A major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is:

Answer 16

Obesity

Question 17

An older adult with no obvious sign of disability presents to the Emergency Room at Memorial Medical Center with signs of bacterial pneumonia including fever, cough and dyspnea. A left lower lobe pneumonia is later confirmed on chest x-reay. Which type of pneumonia has likely developed?

Answer 17

Community-acquired

Question 18

Lung tissue consolidation and impaired gas exchange in bacterial pneumonia is caused by?

Answer 18

Bronchioles and alveoli fill with exudates and infectious debris.

Question 19

Which micro-organisms is the most common cause of viral pneumonia in infants and children?

Answer 19

Respiratory syncytial virus

Question 20

Why are patients with left ventricular failure (LVF) at risk for developing bacterial pneumonia?

Answer 20

Pulmonary edema creates a hospitable environment for bacteria colonization.

Question 21

Airway obstruction during an acute asthma attack results from all of the following

Answer 21

mucus production in the airways.
bronchoconstriction.
bronchial edema.

Question 22

An individual receives treatment for an acute asthma attack in the Emergency Room. Now he feels much better and wants to go home. His nurse practitioner wants to keep him under observation for a few more hours. Which of the following factors influenced the decision to keep this patient under observation at the hospital?

Answer 22

The patient may experience a second episode of asthma related to the release of leukotrienes up to 4-6 hours after the initial attack.

Question 23

Which changes occurs in chronic asthma?

Answer 23

Bronchial fibrosis

One of the additional issues that develops is bronchial fibrosis due to the scar tissue that forms with chronic inflammation.

Question 24

The pathophysiology of emphysema involves:

Answer 24

the loss of elastin surrounding the alveoli.

Question 25

A 59 year old man presents at your family practice clinic with a 12 month history of a productive cough and recurrent respiratory tract infections. He lives in Cloudcroft, NM which is at 8700 feet elevation. During your history taking you discover that he has smoked cigarettes since the age of 17. His father had similar lung issues and died 10 years ago at age 74. He also reports that he was a cattle farmer until about the time his father died.

What is this patient’s most significant risk factor for chronic bronchitis?

Answer 25

Cigarette smoking

The chronic irritation and injury to the bronchial epithelial cells is the major risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis.

Question 26

Our 59 year old man from Cloudcroft with a 12 month history of a productive cough reports that he has been coughing on and off for a couple years. He decided to come to a clinic in Las Cruces because he was feeling short of breath, even while resting. His O2 saturations (SpO2) are 89% on room air.

Which of the following factors cause hypoxemia in chronic bronchitis?

Answer 26

Mucus secretions
Bronchoconstriction
Bronchial edema

Question 27

Julia Smith is an 18-year-old female with cystic fibrosis. The respiratory consequences of Julia’s cystic fibrosis are characterized by:

Answer 27

the production of thick mucus secretions caused by abnormal chloride transport mechanisms in the bronchial epithelium.

Question 28

Virchow’s Triad (risk factors for deep vein thrombosis) includes:

Answer 28

a hypercoagulable state.
endothelial injury.
venous stasis.

Question 29

Clinical manifestations of the DVT in the popliteal vein (in the knee region) include

Answer 29

swelling of the lower leg.
pain behind the knee.
heat and redness over the DVT.

Question 30

Potential sources of pulmonary emboli:

Answer 30

DVTs from the lower extremity veins.
DVTs in the upper extremity veins.
fat from long bone fractures