Alterations Of Pulmonary Function Flashcards
individual that has orthopnea reports the following:
A woman who reports sleeping in a chair because she has difficulty breathing when lying flat
Which condition is the direct cause of respiratory acidosis in pulmonary diseases?
Hypercapnia
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ___.
Diffusion
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
A pneumothorax is the accumulation of ________ between the lung and the chest wall.
Air
Lung tissue consolidation and impaired gas exchange in bacterial pneumonia is caused by
Bronchioles and alveoli fill with exudates and infectious debris.
How is COVID-19 usually transmitted?
Through droplets that come from the mouth and nose when coughing or exhaling
Airway obstruction during an acute asthma attack results from…
bronchial edema.
mucus production in the airways.
bronchoconstriction.
How does chronic hypoxemia contribute to right ventricular failure?
Arterioles in the lung constrict, which causes pulmonary hypertension and strains the right side of heart.
Emphysema is caused by a deficiency in:
alpha-1 antitrypsin
What is the sign and symptom of chronic bronchitis?
Productive cough
Shortness of breath
Which condition do the alveolar sacs always lose elasticity which can lead to “air-trapping?
Emphysema
Why do adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis have problems with malnutrition and weight loss?
The pancreatic duct is plugged with mucus, which reduces pancreatic enzyme secretion.
Cystic Fibrosis affects which body system(s)?
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
Cardiovascular system
Which are potential sources of pulmonary emboli?
Fat from long bone fractures.
DVTs from the lower extremity veins.
DVTs in the upper extremity veins.
A major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is:
Obesity
An older adult with no obvious sign of disability presents to the Emergency Room at Memorial Medical Center with signs of bacterial pneumonia including fever, cough and dyspnea. A left lower lobe pneumonia is later confirmed on chest x-reay. Which type of pneumonia has likely developed?
Community-acquired
Lung tissue consolidation and impaired gas exchange in bacterial pneumonia is caused by?
Bronchioles and alveoli fill with exudates and infectious debris.
Which micro-organisms is the most common cause of viral pneumonia in infants and children?
Respiratory syncytial virus
Why are patients with left ventricular failure (LVF) at risk for developing bacterial pneumonia?
Pulmonary edema creates a hospitable environment for bacteria colonization.
Airway obstruction during an acute asthma attack results from all of the following
mucus production in the airways.
bronchoconstriction.
bronchial edema.
An individual receives treatment for an acute asthma attack in the Emergency Room. Now he feels much better and wants to go home. His nurse practitioner wants to keep him under observation for a few more hours. Which of the following factors influenced the decision to keep this patient under observation at the hospital?
The patient may experience a second episode of asthma related to the release of leukotrienes up to 4-6 hours after the initial attack.
Which changes occurs in chronic asthma?
Bronchial fibrosis
One of the additional issues that develops is bronchial fibrosis due to the scar tissue that forms with chronic inflammation.
The pathophysiology of emphysema involves:
the loss of elastin surrounding the alveoli.
A 59 year old man presents at your family practice clinic with a 12 month history of a productive cough and recurrent respiratory tract infections. He lives in Cloudcroft, NM which is at 8700 feet elevation. During your history taking you discover that he has smoked cigarettes since the age of 17. His father had similar lung issues and died 10 years ago at age 74. He also reports that he was a cattle farmer until about the time his father died.
What is this patient’s most significant risk factor for chronic bronchitis?
Cigarette smoking
The chronic irritation and injury to the bronchial epithelial cells is the major risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis.
Our 59 year old man from Cloudcroft with a 12 month history of a productive cough reports that he has been coughing on and off for a couple years. He decided to come to a clinic in Las Cruces because he was feeling short of breath, even while resting. His O2 saturations (SpO2) are 89% on room air.
Which of the following factors cause hypoxemia in chronic bronchitis?
Mucus secretions
Bronchoconstriction
Bronchial edema
Julia Smith is an 18-year-old female with cystic fibrosis. The respiratory consequences of Julia’s cystic fibrosis are characterized by:
the production of thick mucus secretions caused by abnormal chloride transport mechanisms in the bronchial epithelium.
Virchow’s Triad (risk factors for deep vein thrombosis) includes:
a hypercoagulable state.
endothelial injury.
venous stasis.
Clinical manifestations of the DVT in the popliteal vein (in the knee region) include
swelling of the lower leg.
pain behind the knee.
heat and redness over the DVT.
Potential sources of pulmonary emboli:
DVTs from the lower extremity veins.
DVTs in the upper extremity veins.
fat from long bone fractures
