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SAM fall17 > Infectious dz: Dog 4 > Flashcards

Infectious dz: Dog 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Who does the rabies virus affect?

A

all warm blooded animals

it is transmitted through a bite, rabies is carried in the saliva

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2
Q

The prevalence of rabies in wildlife has been increasing or decreasing?

A

Increasing

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3
Q

What is the path of migration of the rabies virus once it enters the body?

A

Enters peripheral nerve and ascends through the sensory or motor fiber

Once in the CNS it will spread through intra axonal means

the virus will spread back out of the CNS through the nerves and to the salivary glands (to be transmitted)

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4
Q

CNS signs will develop on average _____ weeks post infection with the rabies virus

A

3-8 weeks post infection

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5
Q

How long does the prodromal phase take place and what clinical signs are observed?

A

Lasts 2-3 days

behavior changes noted

aggressiveness in tame animals
Daytime activities in nocturnal animals

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6
Q

How long does the furious/psychotic phase take place and what clinical signs are observed?

A

1-7 days in duration

increased response, bite at objects, photophobic, hyperesthetic, restless, roaming behavior

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7
Q

How long does the paralytic/dumb phase take place and what clinical signs are observed?

A

1-10 days

cranial nerve paralysis, hypersalivation, inability to swallow, paraparesis, incoordinaion, terminating in coma and death

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8
Q

T/F: Cats sometimes get paralytic form straight after the prodromal phase

A

TRUE

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9
Q

T/F: Serology is used to diagnose rabies

A

FALSE

used to document rabies immunization

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10
Q

What kind of vaccine is used for the rabies virus?

A

Killed vaccine

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11
Q

What virus causes Pseudorabies?

A

Porcine herpesvirus - 1

aka Aujesky’s dz, mad itch, infectious bulbar paralysis

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12
Q

How is porcine herpes virus 1 spread?

A

Through contaminated pork products

ingested and incubation takes 3-6 days - ascends the nerves

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13
Q

what clinical signs are associated with pseudorabies?

A

behavior change, animals will violently shake their head and rub shoulders/neck, self mutilation - ulceration, erythemia, excoriations, tismus, paresis, paralysis of facial muscles, difficulty swallowing, aggressiveness, head pressing. etc

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14
Q

What is the treatment for pseudorabies?

A

there is none

this is a fatal disease

keep patients away from raw pork products - vaccine available for endemic regions

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15
Q

How is porcine herpesvirus 1 diagnosed?

A

CSF - increased protein
Pathology - FA testing for antigen on brain tissue or tonsils
PCR

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16
Q

What is the life cycle of giardia when a cyst is ingested?

A

excyst with help of gastric acid and pancreatic enzymes

two trophozoites separate, mature, and attach to the brush border of villous epithelium (duodenum to illeum)

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17
Q

What clinical signs will be noted in dogs with giardia?

A

Diarrhea/maldigestion - malabsorption

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18
Q

How is giardia diagnosed?

A

Fecal microscopy - trophozoites
Fecal concentration techniques - for cysts
Fecal ELISA - antigen
PCR

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19
Q

T/F: No licensed veterinary drug for the treatment of giardia exists

A

TRUE

fenbendazole and metro are used

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20
Q

How can giardia be prevented?

A

Decontaminate the environment
treat infected animals
Clean cysts off coats
prevent reintroduction of infection

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21
Q

What route is cryptosporidium spread through?

A

Fecal-oral

oocysts excyst - release sporozoites – become trophozoites, which will proliferate on microvillous surface of enterocytes

22
Q

What clinical signs may be seen in dogs with a crypto infection?

A

Small bowel dhr: high volume, low frequency (less than 3 times a day), and weight loss

Chronic cases - tenesmus, hematochezia, abdominal discomfort

23
Q

What methods are used to diagnose cryptosporidium infections?

A

Fecal microscopic evaluation and concentration techniques
Cytological and histo staining (intestinal biopsies)
Immunostaining
Fecal ELISA SNAP = antigen
PCR

24
Q

What is the therapy protocol for cryptosporidium?

A

No specific treatment exists

Azithromycin may be used
Nitazoxanide - promising

25
Q

T/F: Isospora spps have both an asexual and sexual stage in their life cycle

A

True

so does crypto

26
Q

Who is most susceptible to coccidiosis? what clinical signs may be seen in those infected?

A

Immunosuppressed and young animals

Intestinal infections occur and lead to diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, and mental depression

27
Q

What method is used to diagnosis coccidiosis?

A

Fecal flotation

28
Q

What therapy is used for coccidia infections?

A

Sulfonamides (SMZ)
Amprolium
Toltrazuril/diclazuril (anti-coccidial)

**prevention - clean kennels and remove feces daily

29
Q

Who does neopora caninum mostly affect?

A

Young puppies

30
Q

What is the life cycle of neopora species when a canine is infected?

A

Dog ingests bradyzoites – they multiple in the GI tract - can undergo sexual reproduction and eliminate oocysts in the feces
OR
asexual reproduction will result in trophozoites that will spread in the blood and will encyst in muscle –> bradyzoites will multiply to form cyst

31
Q

What clinical signs may be seen in a dog with a neospora infection?

A

Neuro deficits and muscular abnormalities predominate

all tissues in the body can become infected - hepatic, pulmonary, and myocardial involvement is often noted

Puppies less than 6 months will have muscle atrophy, stiffness, ascending paralysis –> leads to scar formation in the muscles and myositis

*can have cervical weakness, dysphagia, and megaesophagus

dogs over 6months - multifocal CNS involvement with or without polymyositis, myocarditis, dermatitis, pneumonia

32
Q

What abnormalities may be see on the blood work of a dog with a neospora infection?

A

Chem - Increased CK, AST (muscle damage from cysts - can be in the liver as well)

33
Q

What serology testing is used to diagnose neospora caninum infections?

A

Antibody testing: ELISA, indirect FA, immunoprecipitation

*also look for antibodies in the CSF

other dx - PCR feces

34
Q

What is the recommended therapy for neospora caninum?

A

Trimethoprim suphonamides 15-20mg/kg BID x 4-8 weeks

Clindamycin 15-22mg/kg BID x 4-8 wks

35
Q

T/F: Dogs are the reservoir hosts of Leishmania infantum for humans and dogs

A

TRUE

spread through the sand fly
In utero transmission as well

36
Q

what cells do Leishmania organisms infect?

A

Macrophages - evade the immune system

while in the macrophage they undergo multiplication as amastigotes - then they are released in the blood stream - travel to LN, liver, spleen, BM, and skin

37
Q

How are leishmania infections diagnosed?

A

PCR is the most sensitive method

Serology: IgG levels develop in 2-4 weeks

Tissue aspirate - may see organism in LN, bone marrow, or skin

38
Q

What is the recommended therapy for leishmania infections?

A

Treatment is difficult!

Meglumine antimoniate, allopurinol, miltefosine, liposomal amphotericin B

39
Q

What hepatozoon species is found in the southern US? And in Africa?

A

H. americanum - southern US - transmitted by dog predation on wild rodents and rabbits harboring the tissue cyst stage OR via vector - Amblyomma maculatum

H. canis - Africa - vector = Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma
*usually incidental

40
Q

Who gets infected with H. americanum?

A

young immunocompromised animals

41
Q

What clinical signs will be seen in a dog with heptozoonosis?

A

intermittent clinical signs - pyrexia, chachexia, pain (bone and muscles), lymphadenopathy, dhr, paraparesis, and lameness

*periosteal inflammation

42
Q

What changes may be seen in the bloodwork of a patient with hepatozoonosis?

A

Leukocytosis, may note gametocytes or gamonts inside monocytes

Chem - decreased ALB, increased Phos and ALP - due to periosteal inflammation, decreased glucose

43
Q

Babesiosis is a hepatozoon parasite that infects ______

A

erythrocytes

many different species of large and small babesia

44
Q

50% of pitbulls in America have infections of Babesia ____

A

gibsoni

transmitted through dog fights

*many are subclinical carriers

45
Q

What is the most common species of babesia in the US?

A

B. vogeli

**least pathogenic

46
Q

What pathogenesis can occur with B. vogeli infections?

A

Usually always subclinical - but can have hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia

47
Q

What diagnostic tests can be used to diagnosis babesiosis?

A

Isolating organism on a blood smear
PCR - best method
Serology

48
Q

What is the treatment for babesiosis?

A

Imidocarb dipropionate IM

49
Q

What clinical signs are associated to B. gibsoni infections?

A

hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, vasculitis, fever

50
Q

What is the treatment protocol for B. gibsoni infections?

A

clindamycin, diminazene and imidocarb combinations

SAM fall17 (8 decks)

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