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SAM fall17 > Infectious dz: Dog 1 > Flashcards

Infectious dz: Dog 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Salmonella is a gram ____ bacterium, that is found in ________, and it easily transmitted between _______ and _______.

A

Gram negative
Found in the environment
Transmitted between humans and animals

*can get it from contaminated food, water, and undercooked food

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2
Q

What animals will show clinical signs of salmonellosis?

A

Mostly seen in puppies or young animals vs adults

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?

A

(none –> severe gastroenteritis)

Vomiting and dhr
Dhr: watery to mucoid to hematochezia - can result in hypovolemia and septic shock
+/- neutropenia

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4
Q

What diagnostic tests are used to diagnosis salmonellosis?

A

Fecal culture (plus clinical signs/history)

*a positive isolation from feces does not mean salmonellosis and negative culture results do not rule out infection

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5
Q

What is the treatment for salmonellosis?

A

Antibiotics: Chloramphenicol, SMZ, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

+/- intravenous fluids

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6
Q

T/F: All positive cases of salmonellosis should be treated with antibiotics?

A

FALSE

if patients have minimal signs or asymptomatic - no treatment is required

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7
Q

T/F: Many dogs are asymptomatic carriers of campylobacter organisms

A

TRUE

Cats too

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8
Q

Campylobacter infections will cause large or small bowel diarrhea? What clinical signs are associated with infection?

A

Large bowel diarrhea: mucus, tenesmus, hematochezia, increased frequency, flatulence

other signs - pyrexia and possible leukocytosis

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9
Q

How is campylobacter diagnosed?

A
  • microscopic evaluation of feces - gull winged shape bacteria
  • Culture
  • PCR
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10
Q

What is the treatment for campylobacter infections?

A

**efficacy of ABs is unknown

Erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin can be used

treatment is difficult

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11
Q

How does helicobacter survive low pH of the stomach?

A

Produces high levels of urease which will make the pH more basic so the bacteria can survive

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12
Q

What clinical signs may be seen with a helicobacter infection?

A

+/- chronic gastritis - chronic vomiting, weight loss, emaciation or diarrhea. Blood may be noted in the vomit and diarrhea

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13
Q

How are helicobacter infections diagnosed?

A

Histology: gastric biopsies, Culture - very difficult, PCR on gastric samples

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14
Q

What is the therapy used for helicobacter infections?

A

Two antibiotics + anti-acid

Amoxi + metro + omeprazole

amoxi + metro + famotidine

difficult to treat

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15
Q

What animals are resistant to brucellosis infections?

A

Cats!

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16
Q

How do animals get infected with brucella?

A

Transmitted through aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, possible orally or conjuntivally

Penetrates the MM and enters the lymphoreticular system

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17
Q

Why is brucella difficult to treat?

A

It will persist intracellularly so it can hide from the immune system

*highest concentrations in vaginal discharge and semen

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18
Q

What clinical signs are associated with brucellosis?

A

Bacteraemia 1-4 weeks (can be longer)

  • some dogs may be asymptomatic
  • generalized lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
  • *more of a problem in intact males - enlarged scrotom, epididymitis, infertility, testicular atrophy
  • females - abortion, stillborns, infertility

*discospondylitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, anterior uveitis

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19
Q

What diagnostics can be performed to diagnosis brucellosis?

A

Hematology - leukocytosis

Biochem - hyperglobulinemia with hypoalbunemia

CSF - neutrophilic pleocytosis with increased protein levels

**Rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT)

**Tube agglutination test (TAT) - titers over 200 indicate an active infection (titers 50-100 suspect an infection)

Elisa, PCR, Bacterial culture

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20
Q

Serology for brucellosis is usually negative for ______ post infection

A

2-4 weeks post infection

titers stay positive for up to 3 years

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21
Q

What is the treatment protocol for brucellosis?

A

Intact animals should be spayed/neutered

Doxy plus Streptomycin

Combos: aminoglycosides, doxy, quinolones

Usually at least 4 weeks of therapy

Retest after tx: 6 to 9 months post therapy (TAT less than 100 and ACID should become negative)

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22
Q

_____ and ____ species are gram positive, branching bacteria. Often sulfur granules will be noted in these infections

A

Actinomyces and Nocardia

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23
Q

What kind of infections are associated with Actinomyces?

A

anaerobic infections, FB migrations, pyothorax, peritonitis, bite wounds. Often draining tracks will be noted and yellow granules

24
Q

What infections are nocardia spps associated with?

A

Wounds and pyothorax

25
Q

How are actinomyces and nocardia infections diagnoses?

A

Cytology and culture

***always tell the lab to hold onto the culture for 10 days, as these are slow growing

26
Q

What is the tx protocol for actinomyces and nocardia infections?

A

surgical drainage and debridement

Actinomyces - penicillins: tx for 4 weeks post clinical resolution

Nocardia: SMZ (trimethoprim sulphonamides) x 6 weeks

27
Q

What pathogen causes lyme disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

28
Q

What is the vector of borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Ixodes spp

Deer tick: northeast, mid western, and south east

Western black legged tick: pacific coast

29
Q

When do hosts become infected with B. burgdorferi?

A

48-50 hours post attachement once the tick engorges

Temp. and pH (increase to 37C and lower pH) change from engorgement will down regulate outer surface proteins A and B, and outer surface protein C will get passed into the salivary glands of the tick to be passed into the host

30
Q

Where does B. burgdorferi go in the body?

A

Likes to hide in the brain and joints - evades the immune system even though it is extracellular

31
Q

What percentage of lyme positive dogs will have clinical signs?
What are the clinical signs noted?

A

only 5 - 10%

  • *pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, *lameness - polyarthritis, renal dz (protein loosing glomerulopathy), meningitis, myocarditis
32
Q

How long does it typically take clinical signs of lyme dz to develop after being bitten by a tick?

A

about 2-5 months but exact incubation period is unknown

33
Q

The most common clinical sign noted in lyme positive dogs is…?

A

Non-erosive polyarthritis

  • the surface of the joint will appear normal, but there is inflammation noted in the joint/fluid
  • increased neutrophils, proteins, B. burgdorferi organisms may be present
34
Q

what breeds of dog are over represented for clinical presentation of Lyme dz?

A

Goldens and labs

35
Q

What clinical signs are associated specifically with protein loosing glomerulopathy from lyme disease?

A

Vomiting, dhr, PU/PD, peripheral edema, ascites

*lab work: non regen. anemia, stress leuk, thrombocytopenia, azotemia, low alb, hyperphosphatemia, hypercholesterolemia
UA - proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, bilirubinurea

36
Q

T/F: there is a pathognomonic test for B. burgdorferi

A

FALSE

37
Q

When using serology to test for lyme dz, what are you testing for?

A

screening for antibodies against B. burgdorferi
*this indicates exposure - but does not prove clinical illness

**testing for antibodies to outer surface protein C6 is more sensitive and specific (SNAP) but it does not always correlate with clinical illness. *can differentiate between vaccinated animals and infected animals

*paired serum titers are better to dx active dz

38
Q

What animals are treated for lyme disease?

A
  1. the dog that tests positive (C6 SNAP) and has clinical signs
  2. Any lyme positive dog that has proteinuria and elevated urine UPC

***tx for positive animals not displaying clinical signs is controversial

39
Q

What is the tx for lyme dz?

A

***Doxy (drug of choice) 5mg/kg BID x 30d

amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone

40
Q

What methods of prevention are used for lyme dz?

A

Tick prevention!! on the the animal and the environment

Vaccination - used in areas where the dz is common, for outdoor hunting dogs etc
*2 vax are given 2-4 weeks apart, then annual booster

41
Q

T/F: Dogs and cats are a source for humans to get lyme dz?

A

False - they do not excrete infectious organisms in their bodily fluids

but they can bring ticks into the house

42
Q

T/F: Leptospirosis is commonly seen in cats

A

False

rarely seen in cats

43
Q

What are some of the most common lepto spps seen in canine infections?

A

L. Canicola, L icterohaemorrhagia

L. grippotyphosa - midwest/northeast US/Canada

Washingtonstate serovars - Autumnalis, Bratislava, Pomona

44
Q

What is the route of transmission of lepto?

A

Direct: urine, venereal and placental transfer, bite wounds, or ingestion of infected tissue

Indirect - Contaminated water sources, soil, and food (MOST COMMON)

45
Q

What is the ideal environmental conditions for lepto to survive for several months?

A

Slow moving warm water
Soil pH neutral or slightly alkaline
**Urine with higher pH
Ambient temp (0-25C)

Lepto organisms do not like freezing, dehydration, or UV light

46
Q

What is the incubation period of lepto?

A

3-7 days

Once the organism enter the blood they will multiply rapidly

47
Q

What locations in the body do lepto organisms like to spread?

A 
Kidney
spleen
CNS
Eyes
Genital tract

**attach to endothelial cells –> causing edema and vasculitis, acute endothelial injury and hemorrhage

48
Q

When a patient is in the carrier state of leptospirosis, where are the organisms in the body?

A

attached to the rental tubular epithelial cells - can shed in urine for months

49
Q

What dogs are more commonly infected with lepto?

A

Younger dogs

50
Q

What clinical signs will be noted in a patient with leptospirosis?

A

Fever - bacteremia, tachypnea, rapid irregular pulse, vascular collapse, widespread petchiae, hematemesis, hematochesia, melena, epistaxis, icterus, intestinal intussusception, oliguria/anuria, anorexia, vomiting

51
Q

What changes will be noted on a CBC/Chem/UA of a patient with leptospirosis?

A

CBC-decreased PLT, neutropenia, decreased HCT

Chem - hepatic/renal dz

UA - SG less than 1.029, proteinuria, glucosuria, bilirubinuria, pyuria, hematuria, granular casts, bilirubin crystals

52
Q

What (non-blood work) diagnostics can be performed to help diagnose lepto?

A

Thoracic radiographs - nodular opacities associated with vasculitis and hemorrhage

abdominal US - enlarged kidneys, medullary band increased echogenicity, pyelectasia, increased cortical echogenicity, mild perirenal fluid accumulation

Renal biopsy

53
Q

T/F: Bacterial cultures are a good test to run when suspicious of a leptospirosis

A

FALSE

this organism does not grow well - needs a special lab and a long turn around time

54
Q

What serology test can be used to diagnosis leptospirosis? How does it work?

A

MAT - microscopic agglutination test

MAT greater than 1:3200 = dz is present (unless recently vaccinated)

MAT greater than 1:800 = may indicate active dz

*if peracute dz, serum titer may not be elevated, therefore repeat sample 2 to 4 weeks later to check for increase

55
Q

PCR can detect the lepto organism in the ______, within the _____ week of infection

A

blood, within the first week of infection

  • it is still always best to send a blood and urine sample to ensure you find the organism
  • use in combination with serology
56
Q

what is the treatment protocol for leptospirosis?

A

Supportive care - (depends on severity) patient may need a central line, U-cath to monitor urine output, replacement fluids, anti emetics and GI protectants, plasma or whole blood transfusion

Antibiotics: Doxy for 2 weeks in patients withOUT hepatic or renal damage

patients with renal/hepatic damage can be put on penicillin or ampicillin and treated later on with doxycycline

57
Q

What methods of prevention are used for leptospirosis?

A

Vaccines - but these are not 100% effective due to the many, varying serovars

need to know what serovars are commonly found in your geographic area and choose the vax wisely

  • immunity is not long acting
  • vax does not prevent carrier state

SAM fall17 (8 decks)

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