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SAM fall17 > Infectious dz: Dog 1 > Flashcards

Infectious dz: Dog 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Salmonella is a gram ____ bacterium, that is found in ________, and it easily transmitted between _______ and _______.

A

Gram negative
Found in the environment
Transmitted between humans and animals

*can get it from contaminated food, water, and undercooked food

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2
Q

What animals will show clinical signs of salmonellosis?

A

Mostly seen in puppies or young animals vs adults

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?

A

(none –> severe gastroenteritis)

Vomiting and dhr
Dhr: watery to mucoid to hematochezia - can result in hypovolemia and septic shock
+/- neutropenia

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4
Q

What diagnostic tests are used to diagnosis salmonellosis?

A

Fecal culture (plus clinical signs/history)

*a positive isolation from feces does not mean salmonellosis and negative culture results do not rule out infection

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5
Q

What is the treatment for salmonellosis?

A

Antibiotics: Chloramphenicol, SMZ, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

+/- intravenous fluids

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6
Q

T/F: All positive cases of salmonellosis should be treated with antibiotics?

A

FALSE

if patients have minimal signs or asymptomatic - no treatment is required

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7
Q

T/F: Many dogs are asymptomatic carriers of campylobacter organisms

A

TRUE

Cats too

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8
Q

Campylobacter infections will cause large or small bowel diarrhea? What clinical signs are associated with infection?

A

Large bowel diarrhea: mucus, tenesmus, hematochezia, increased frequency, flatulence

other signs - pyrexia and possible leukocytosis

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9
Q

How is campylobacter diagnosed?

A
  • microscopic evaluation of feces - gull winged shape bacteria
  • Culture
  • PCR
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10
Q

What is the treatment for campylobacter infections?

A

**efficacy of ABs is unknown

Erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin can be used

treatment is difficult

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11
Q

How does helicobacter survive low pH of the stomach?

A

Produces high levels of urease which will make the pH more basic so the bacteria can survive

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12
Q

What clinical signs may be seen with a helicobacter infection?

A

+/- chronic gastritis - chronic vomiting, weight loss, emaciation or diarrhea. Blood may be noted in the vomit and diarrhea

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13
Q

How are helicobacter infections diagnosed?

A

Histology: gastric biopsies, Culture - very difficult, PCR on gastric samples

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14
Q

What is the therapy used for helicobacter infections?

A

Two antibiotics + anti-acid

Amoxi + metro + omeprazole

amoxi + metro + famotidine

difficult to treat

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15
Q

What animals are resistant to brucellosis infections?

A

Cats!

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16
Q

How do animals get infected with brucella?

A

Transmitted through aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, possible orally or conjuntivally

Penetrates the MM and enters the lymphoreticular system

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17
Q

Why is brucella difficult to treat?

A

It will persist intracellularly so it can hide from the immune system

*highest concentrations in vaginal discharge and semen

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18
Q

What clinical signs are associated with brucellosis?

A

Bacteraemia 1-4 weeks (can be longer)

  • some dogs may be asymptomatic
  • generalized lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
  • *more of a problem in intact males - enlarged scrotom, epididymitis, infertility, testicular atrophy
  • females - abortion, stillborns, infertility

*discospondylitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, anterior uveitis

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19
Q

What diagnostics can be performed to diagnosis brucellosis?

A

Hematology - leukocytosis

Biochem - hyperglobulinemia with hypoalbunemia

CSF - neutrophilic pleocytosis with increased protein levels

**Rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT)

**Tube agglutination test (TAT) - titers over 200 indicate an active infection (titers 50-100 suspect an infection)

Elisa, PCR, Bacterial culture

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20
Q

Serology for brucellosis is usually negative for ______ post infection

A

2-4 weeks post infection

titers stay positive for up to 3 years

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21
Q

What is the treatment protocol for brucellosis?

A

Intact animals should be spayed/neutered

Doxy plus Streptomycin

Combos: aminoglycosides, doxy, quinolones

Usually at least 4 weeks of therapy

Retest after tx: 6 to 9 months post therapy (TAT less than 100 and ACID should become negative)

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22
Q

_____ and ____ species are gram positive, branching bacteria. Often sulfur granules will be noted in these infections

A

Actinomyces and Nocardia

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23
Q

What kind of infections are associated with Actinomyces?

A

anaerobic infections, FB migrations, pyothorax, peritonitis, bite wounds. Often draining tracks will be noted and yellow granules

24
Q

What infections are nocardia spps associated with?

A

Wounds and pyothorax

25
How are actinomyces and nocardia infections diagnoses?
Cytology and culture | ***always tell the lab to hold onto the culture for 10 days, as these are slow growing
26
What is the tx protocol for actinomyces and nocardia infections?
surgical drainage and debridement Actinomyces - penicillins: tx for 4 weeks post clinical resolution Nocardia: SMZ (trimethoprim sulphonamides) x 6 weeks
27
What pathogen causes lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
28
What is the vector of borrelia burgdorferi?
Ixodes spp Deer tick: northeast, mid western, and south east Western black legged tick: pacific coast
29
When do hosts become infected with B. burgdorferi?
48-50 hours post attachement once the tick engorges Temp. and pH (increase to 37C and lower pH) change from engorgement will down regulate outer surface proteins A and B, and outer surface protein C will get passed into the salivary glands of the tick to be passed into the host
30
Where does B. burgdorferi go in the body?
Likes to hide in the brain and joints - evades the immune system even though it is extracellular
31
What percentage of lyme positive dogs will have clinical signs? What are the clinical signs noted?
only 5 - 10% - *pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, *lameness - polyarthritis, renal dz (protein loosing glomerulopathy), meningitis, myocarditis
32
How long does it typically take clinical signs of lyme dz to develop after being bitten by a tick?
about 2-5 months but exact incubation period is unknown
33
The most common clinical sign noted in lyme positive dogs is...?
Non-erosive polyarthritis * the surface of the joint will appear normal, but there is inflammation noted in the joint/fluid * increased neutrophils, proteins, B. burgdorferi organisms may be present
34
what breeds of dog are over represented for clinical presentation of Lyme dz?
Goldens and labs
35
What clinical signs are associated specifically with protein loosing glomerulopathy from lyme disease?
Vomiting, dhr, PU/PD, peripheral edema, ascites *lab work: non regen. anemia, stress leuk, thrombocytopenia, azotemia, low alb, hyperphosphatemia, hypercholesterolemia UA - proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, bilirubinurea
36
T/F: there is a pathognomonic test for B. burgdorferi
FALSE
37
When using serology to test for lyme dz, what are you testing for?
screening for antibodies against B. burgdorferi *this indicates exposure - but does not prove clinical illness **testing for antibodies to outer surface protein C6 is more sensitive and specific (SNAP) but it does not always correlate with clinical illness. *can differentiate between vaccinated animals and infected animals *paired serum titers are better to dx active dz
38
What animals are treated for lyme disease?
1. the dog that tests positive (C6 SNAP) and has clinical signs 2. Any lyme positive dog that has proteinuria and elevated urine UPC ***tx for positive animals not displaying clinical signs is controversial
39
What is the tx for lyme dz?
***Doxy (drug of choice) 5mg/kg BID x 30d amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone
40
What methods of prevention are used for lyme dz?
Tick prevention!! on the the animal and the environment Vaccination - used in areas where the dz is common, for outdoor hunting dogs etc *2 vax are given 2-4 weeks apart, then annual booster
41
T/F: Dogs and cats are a source for humans to get lyme dz?
False - they do not excrete infectious organisms in their bodily fluids but they can bring ticks into the house
42
T/F: Leptospirosis is commonly seen in cats
False rarely seen in cats
43
What are some of the most common lepto spps seen in canine infections?
L. Canicola, L icterohaemorrhagia L. grippotyphosa - midwest/northeast US/Canada Washingtonstate serovars - Autumnalis, Bratislava, Pomona
44
What is the route of transmission of lepto?
Direct: urine, venereal and placental transfer, bite wounds, or ingestion of infected tissue Indirect - Contaminated water sources, soil, and food (MOST COMMON)
45
What is the ideal environmental conditions for lepto to survive for several months?
Slow moving warm water Soil pH neutral or slightly alkaline **Urine with higher pH Ambient temp (0-25C) Lepto organisms do not like freezing, dehydration, or UV light
46
What is the incubation period of lepto?
3-7 days Once the organism enter the blood they will multiply rapidly
47
What locations in the body do lepto organisms like to spread?
``` Kidney spleen CNS Eyes Genital tract ``` **attach to endothelial cells --> causing edema and vasculitis, acute endothelial injury and hemorrhage
48
When a patient is in the carrier state of leptospirosis, where are the organisms in the body?
attached to the rental tubular epithelial cells - can shed in urine for months
49
What dogs are more commonly infected with lepto?
Younger dogs
50
What clinical signs will be noted in a patient with leptospirosis?
Fever - bacteremia, tachypnea, rapid irregular pulse, vascular collapse, widespread petchiae, hematemesis, hematochesia, melena, epistaxis, icterus, intestinal intussusception, oliguria/anuria, anorexia, vomiting
51
What changes will be noted on a CBC/Chem/UA of a patient with leptospirosis?
CBC-decreased PLT, neutropenia, decreased HCT Chem - hepatic/renal dz UA - SG less than 1.029, proteinuria, glucosuria, bilirubinuria, pyuria, hematuria, granular casts, bilirubin crystals
52
What (non-blood work) diagnostics can be performed to help diagnose lepto?
Thoracic radiographs - nodular opacities associated with vasculitis and hemorrhage abdominal US - enlarged kidneys, medullary band increased echogenicity, pyelectasia, increased cortical echogenicity, mild perirenal fluid accumulation Renal biopsy
53
T/F: Bacterial cultures are a good test to run when suspicious of a leptospirosis
FALSE this organism does not grow well - needs a special lab and a long turn around time
54
What serology test can be used to diagnosis leptospirosis? How does it work?
MAT - microscopic agglutination test MAT greater than 1:3200 = dz is present (unless recently vaccinated) MAT greater than 1:800 = may indicate active dz *if peracute dz, serum titer may not be elevated, therefore repeat sample 2 to 4 weeks later to check for increase
55
PCR can detect the lepto organism in the ______, within the _____ week of infection
blood, within the first week of infection * it is still always best to send a blood and urine sample to ensure you find the organism * use in combination with serology
56
what is the treatment protocol for leptospirosis?
Supportive care - (depends on severity) patient may need a central line, U-cath to monitor urine output, replacement fluids, anti emetics and GI protectants, plasma or whole blood transfusion Antibiotics: Doxy for 2 weeks in patients withOUT hepatic or renal damage patients with renal/hepatic damage can be put on penicillin or ampicillin and treated later on with doxycycline
57
What methods of prevention are used for leptospirosis?
Vaccines - but these are not 100% effective due to the many, varying serovars need to know what serovars are commonly found in your geographic area and choose the vax wisely * immunity is not long acting * vax does not prevent carrier state

SAM fall17 (8 decks)

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