Infectious dz: Cat 2 Flashcards
Feline panleukopenia is caused by feline _____
parvovirus
T/F: FPV is stable in the environment
TRUE
can be stable in the environment for over a year at room temp
*kill with heat or bleac
T/F: Cats can get infected with canine parvovirus
TRUE
but dogs can NOT get infected with feline parvovirus
Doe FPV have a long or short shedding period?
SHORT
What tissues does FPV have an affinity for?
rapidly dividing cells
Lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa
(causes lymphoid tissue necrosis, damages intestinal crypts and shortens villi, causes immunosuppression)
Where does the FPV replicate initially post infection?
Oropharynx for the first 18-24 hours post infection
then plasma phase viremia for 2 - 7 days and dissemination to all body tissues
T/F: Many cats with feline panleukopenia virus are subclinical
TRUE
What pathogenesis can feline panleukopenia virus have?
Co-infections are common due to immune suppression
In utero infections - abortions, older kittens will develop cerebellar hypoplasia
Cerebellar defects
Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy
What clinical signs are seen in cats with peracute FPV, and acute form FPV?
peracute - death within 12 hours - septic shock, hypovolemia, hypothermia
acute: most common - fever, depression, anorexia, dehydration, dhr, mesenteric lymphandenopathy, petechiae and ecchymosis –> DIC & thrombocytopenia
How is feline panleukopenia diagnosed?
Clinical signs and leukopenia (leuk- occurs 4-6 days post infection)
May have transient decrease in retics and PCV
Serology - paired titers
*fecal viral antigen test
Virus isolation
Genetic detection - PCR
What therapy is recommended for feline panleukopenia?
Symptomatic and nursing care:
IVF, anti emetics, broad spectrum antibiotics - ampicillin, cephalosporins, metro, clindamycin, aminoglycosides
Interferon therapy - to increase cell mediated response
**getting the patient to eat is crucial
What method of prevention can be used for FPV other than vaccines?
Passive immunotherapy - 2ml of serum from high titer cats - given SQ or IP to kittens
*vaccine is a modified live - provides rapid and effective immunity
What kind of disease does canine parvovirus cause in cats?
Mild dz compared to FPV
treatment would be the same as FPV
T/F: Feline corona virus often causes no disease in animals
True
Many cats are positive and shedding the virus from their GI tract with no clinical signs
When does feline corona virus cause illness?
If it is a virulent strain of the virus
- avirulent and virulent viruses circulate populations –> virulent viruses will arise within cats where mutations, deletions, and insertions to the virus occurs
- increased prevalence of viruses will increase the chance of FIP development (high populations of cats - shelters etc)
What are the two types of feline corona virus and which is most common?
Type 1 = unique feline strain
Type 2 = recombination of feline and canine coronavirus
Type 1 is the most common
BOTH CAN CAUSE FIP
Why is FIP becoming more common?
Greater number of cats and multi cat households More indoor cats Popularity of cat breeds Increased cats in shelters Unbalanced diets
What is the typical age range we see FIP in cats?
most cats are less than two
the second spike cases is cats over 10 years
**pedigree breeds are more at risk
How long is the feline coronavirus shed?
two days post infection
*the virus will replicate in the small intestine (in chronic shedders - ileocecocolic junction)
Majority of cats clear the coronavirus within _______
2-3 months
When does feline coronavirus progress into FIP?
When the virus enters macrophages and spread throughout the body
This happens in cats with an absent cell mediated immune response (wet form of FIP) and in patients with intermediate cell mediated immune response (non effusive form of FIP)
What cytokines and interleukins are stimulated by the feline coronavirus getting taken up by macrophages in the body?
IL6
TNF alpha - contributor to inflammation, causes cachexia
IL1- activates B and T lymphocytes, pyogenic, contributes to inflammation
MMP-9 - responsible for leakiness of blood vessels - break down extracellular matrix proteins (**determinant of wet or non effusive FIP)
Will a cat with a strong cell mediated immune response develop FIP if infected with feline coronavirus?
NO - cell mediated immune response will prevent infection
Will a cat with a weak cell mediated immune and a strong humoral response develop FIP if infected with feline coronavirus?
YES - effusive or wet form
What clinical signs are associated with the initial infection of feline coronavirus?
Diarrhea (can be severe)
UR tract signs
Occasional vomiting and weight loss
What clinical signs are associated with multisystemic inflammatory vasculitis disease (progression of coronavirus to FIP)?
Effusive: Effusion in body cavities due to extensive damage to the blood vessels –> fluid and protein accumulation, anorexia, mild pyrexia, wt loss, pale or icterus mm, granulomatous abdominal masses, dyspnea/tachypnea
Non-effusive: harder to dx due to vague clinical signs. intraocular lesions: iritis, aqueous flare/cloudiness of anterior chamber, keratic precipitates, retinal hem. or detachment, pulmonary signs, mild pyrexia, wt loss, non suppurative granulomatous meningitis
What is the gold standard diagnostic test for FIP?
Histopathology (usually not elected by owners & patients aren’t good sx candidates)
What are methods of diagnosis for FIP?
Clinical signs and history
- Effusion analysis: Clear, straw colored, viscous: high protein, low cell count
- Albumin:globulin ratio less than 0.45 (0.45-0.8 is possible)
- Rivalta test
- Positive immunofluorescent staining
What would a serum protein electrophoresis on an FIP positive cat reveal?
Polyclonal increase in gamma globulin
When is a feline coronavirus antibody titer useful?
When you want to control the virus - not good for diagnostic purposes
What samples, when RT-PCR positive for FIP, are highly specific?
Aqueous humor
positive on effusions is highly suggestive
What is the gold standard of antigen detection for feline corona virus?
Histopathology immunohistochemistry staining
What is the therapy protocol for FIP?
No real therapy exists :(
Glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation and stimulate appetite..
Prevent the progression of coronavirus to FIP (does not 100% prevent dz) with Vaccination in endemic areas, multi cat households
