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SAM fall17 > infectious dz: Cat 4 > Flashcards

infectious dz: Cat 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the definitive host of toxoplasma, tritichomonas, and cytauxzoon spp?

A

Cats

*intracellular protozoan parasites found world wide

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2
Q

What are the three infectious stages of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Sporozoites in oocysts (found in feces)
tachyzoiets (actively multiplying)
Bradyzoites (slow multiplying stage - enclosed in a tissue cyst)

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3
Q

What is the mode of transmission of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Congenital infection
Ingestion of infected tissue
Ingestion of oocyst (contaminated food/water)
Lactation, transplantation, +/- vectors

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4
Q

In what animals is there a higher prevalence of toxoplasma?

A

More prevalent in older animals (they have greater chance of exposure)

High prevalence in animals fed a raw meat diet

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5
Q

What is the life cycle of toxoplasama in a definitive host?

A
  1. Ingests bradyzoites in meat of intermediate host
  2. Bradyzoites released by digestive enzymes
  3. They penetrate epithelial wall and undergo sexual reproduction
  4. Form micro and macrogamounts - undergo sexual repro
  5. OOcyts will be passed out in feces - and will sporulate after being exposed to air and moisture for 1-5 days –> two sporocyts -> four sporozoites
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6
Q

What is the extra intestinal life cycle of toxo gondii?

A
  1. Ingestion fo oocyst or tissue cyst
  2. Sporozoites released and penetrate intestinal mucosa
  3. Divide into tachyzoites - reproduce intracellularly for undetermined time
  4. Eventually they will encyst –> bradyzoites will be stage within tissue cyst (muscle, visceral organs, CNS)
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7
Q

What cat owners should be most concerned with toxoplasma infections?

A

Pregnant women

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8
Q

What are common sites for persistent toxoplasma gondii infections?

A 
brain
liver
lung
muscle
eyes

*initial replication and chronic persistent infections

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9
Q

What host factor will determine if a patient will develop clinical toxo?

A

Their immune system!

Immunosuppression or concomitant infection (FeLV, FIV, FeCoV/FIP) will make the patient more susceptible

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10
Q

What cat population infected with toxoplasma gondii will develop self limiting small bowel diarrhea?

A

Naive cats that ingest bradyzoites

usually lasts up to 10 days (or can be clinically silent)

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11
Q

Transplacentally or lactationally spread toxoplasma will result in _____ spread in infected kittens

A

systemic

*kitten fading syndrome

:(

Inflammation of the lungs, liver, CNS
Enlarged abd - hepatopathy and ascites
Ocular signs - chorioretinitis/anteriors uveitis

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12
Q

What clinical signs may be noted in older cats with reactivation of chronic encysted infection?

A

This occurs when the cat becomes immunosuppressed - bradyzoites will be released

*anorexia, wt loss, lethargy, dypsnea, myocarditis, vomiting/dhr, abdominal effusion, painful muscles - stiff gait, lameness

neuro - anterior or posterior uveitis, iritis, lens lux.. ataxia, circling etc

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13
Q

T/F: Toxoplasma gondii should be a ddx in older cats with neurological signs

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What changes will you see on CBC/Chem in a cat with clinical toxoplasma infection?

A

Non-regen. anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia

Increased AST/CK (muscle necrosis), Increased ALT/ALP/Bilirubin (hepatic necrosis), hyperglobulinemia, increased amylase/lipase (pancreatitis)

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15
Q

What stage of toxoplasma might you see on the cytology prepared from a muscle FNA?

A

Tachyzoites - this stage is mobile and replicating

cysts –> bradyzoites

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16
Q

What might you see on chest rads of a toxoplasma positive cat?

A

Diffuse interstitial to alveolar pattern with a mottled lobar distribution

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17
Q

T/F: A fecal examination is a good method for identifying toxoplasma oocysts

A

FALSE

less than 1% of cats shed oocysts

18
Q

Multiple serological tests for antibodies are required to confirm a toxoplasma infection from most samples, but from what samples does the presence toxoplasma of antibodies mean the patient definitely has a toxoplasma infection?

A

Antibodies in the eye or brain

If the cat just has antibodies from exposure to toxoplasma - those ABs would not be present in the brain/eye or cross those barriers

19
Q

What is the ELISA test for toxoplasma testing for?

A

ANTIGEN

Other tests available - Culture of tissue or body fluids / PCR - can not differentiate a chronic subclinical cat from an acute infection

20
Q

What is the recommended treatment of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Clinical toxo: Clindamycin BID x 4 weeks
Pyrimethamine and sulphonamide combination

To reduce oocyst excretion: monensin, toltrazuril

21
Q

What methods of prevention can be used for toxoplasma gondii?

A

Keep cats indoors
Do not feed raw diets
Prevent cats entering areas where food-producing animals are housed

22
Q

What clinical signs may be seen in a cat with tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Waxing/waning large bowel dhr (mucoid, very frequent, hematochiezia, straining)

23
Q

In what cat population is T. foetus more prevalent?

A

More prevalent in younger cats but can be seen in all ages

24
Q

How do cats get T. foetus infections?

A

Spread cat to cat through shared litter boxes

25
Q

What is the best method of diagnosing Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Fecal PCR

Others - fecal smear, culture using special growth media (kits are available for cows)

26
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Tritrichomonas infections?

A

Ronidazole x 14 days

side effects - lethargy, inappetance, ataxia, sz

27
Q

Where is Cytauxzoon felis most prevalent geographically in the US?

A

South eastern and mid atlantic regions

28
Q

What are the vectors of Cytauxzoon ?

A

Amblyomma americanum and Ripicephalus sanguineus

29
Q

What age group is most susceptible to Cytauxzoon infections?

A

ANY AGE, gender, or breed

30
Q

T/F: Immune suppression is not required for cats to have clinical Cytauxzoon infections

A

TRUE

31
Q

Where do Cytauxzoon organisms replicate in the body?

A

Asexual schizogenous repro occurs within the hosts mononuclear phagocytic cells (causes vasculitis and vascular obstruction)

Cells eventually rupture, releasing merozoites which are taken up by RBCs –> hemolysis

32
Q

How soon after Cytauxzoon dz transmission do clinical signs occur?

A

1-3 weeks

33
Q

What signs will be noted with acute onset of Cytauxzoon, and in what season is that most commonly noted?

A

Anorexia, lethargy, fever predominantly in the spring and summer

progresses to increased vocalisation, weakness, icterus, dark yellow urine, resp. distress, obtunded mentation and seizures

Severe pyrexia (103-107F)
DIC
34
Q

T/F: Cats that survive the acute phase of Cytauxzoon may be chronic carriers of piroplasms in erythrocytes

A

TRUE

clinically recovery is complete - but they can be carriers

35
Q

What test(s) can be used to diagnose Cytauxzoon felis?

A

CBC/Chem - pancytopenia, anemia, indicators for DIC
May see organisms on peripheral blood smear (piroplasma - ring shaped) May see schizonts in monocytesin the feathered edge

Schizont laden macrophages may be noted in bone marrow aspirate

PCR - to confirm presence of parasite

36
Q

What therapy is recommended for Cytauxzoon infections?

A

Supportive care, +/- antiprotozoal meds = Imidocarb IM (2 inj 14 days apart) or Atovaquone and azithromycin

***PREVENT TICK EXPOSURE

37
Q

What fungal infection are cats highly susceptible to?

A

Sporothrix schenkii

38
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Sporothrix schenkii infections in cats?

A

Some are subclinical

  • single skin lesion that may regress
  • Fatal systemic form - hematogenous spread

***most common - multiple skin and mucosal lesions (mostly on the head) conjuctival, nasal, oral, genital

39
Q

What cats are predisposed to Sporothrix schenkii infections?

A

Intact, sexually active cats

Males»» females

40
Q

What is the treatment for sporothrix schenkii?

A

Itraconozol and topical potassium iodide solution

SAM fall17 (8 decks)

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