Infectious dz: Dog 2

Question 1

Under what conditions does clostridium botulinum grow best?

Answer 1

anaerobic conditions with warmth (15-45C)

Question 2

How does an animal get disease from clostridium botulinum?

Answer 2

Ingestion of a preformed toxin, or release of toxin in a wound

Question 3

What do botulinal toxins cause?

Answer 3

LMN disease and paralysis- prevent presynaptic release of Ach at the neuromuscular junction

*blocks snare proteins - type C in dogs

Question 4

How is clostridium botulinum infection diagnosed?

Answer 4

Clinical signs
EMG
Finding the toxin in serum, feces, vomitus, or stomach content

Question 5

What is the treatment protocol like for botulism patients?

Answer 5

Supportive care
Anti-toxin is not useful - does not cotain specific type C antitoxin
Metronidazole or penicillins

vax are available - mostly used for cattle and slaughter house workers

Question 6

Clostridium tetani is a ____ forming, gram _____, anaerobic bacterium

Answer 6

spore forming, gram positive

Question 7

What two toxins does clostridium tetani produce?

Answer 7

Tetanoleptin: causes hemolysis of erythrocytes

Tetanospasmin: cause neuro dysfunction (inhibits motor neurons)

Question 8

What is the path of migration of tetanospasmin?

Answer 8

Migrates up the motor nerves where it can enter the spinal cord and ascend into the brain - also affecting cranial nerves

Question 9

What does tetanospasmin inhibit the release of?

Answer 9

glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid

both are inhibitory neurotransmittors

Question 10

What clinical findings will you see in a patient with tetanus?

Answer 10

ears drawn back, sardonic grin, trismus (lock jaw), salivation, dysphagia, rigid gait

progresses to opisthotonus (severe backwards arching), convulsions, and respiratory compromise –> death

Question 11

How is tetanus diagnosed?

Answer 11

Clinical signs, leukocytosis, LS neutrophilia, tachy/brady -

arrhythmia, megaesophagus on chest rads, isolation of bacteria from wound is difficult

Question 12

What is the treatment protocol for tetanus patients?

Answer 12

long term supportive care - toxin wears off in 3-4 weeks

Search for a wound - perform debridement

Antitoxin - can have allergic reaction
Antibiotics - to reduce toxin formation - metro, penicillin G, tetracycline

Sedatives, muscle relaxants, autonomic agents (atropine)

Question 13

What is the vector for hemotropic mycoplasmosis?

Answer 13

Rhipicephalus sanguineus aka brown dog tick

mycoplasma haemocanis

Question 14

what diagnostics are used for hemotropic mycoplasmosis?

Answer 14

PCR or finding the organism on a blood smear

Question 15

What patients get hemotropic mycoplasmosis?

Answer 15

Immune compromised dogs

Question 16

What is the treatment for hemotropic mycoplasmosis?

Answer 16

Doxycycline

Question 17

What is the most likely mode of transmission of canine bartonellosis?

Answer 17

dogs bites, fleas, and cat scratches

Question 18

Why are canine bartonellosis infections more common now?

Answer 18

Due to more advanced diagnostic methods

Question 19

What diagnostics tests can be used to dx canine bartonellosis?

Answer 19

Serology - FA testing is only 50% sensitive

Bacterial isolation - PCR

Question 20

What is the treatment protocol for canine bartonellosis?

Answer 20

(no evidence based medicine to support any specific therapy)

Doxy and enrofloxacin, azithromycin, or rifampin

Question 21

What pathogen causes rocky mountain spotted fever?

Answer 21

Rickettsia rickettsia

Question 22

What pathogens cause Monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis?

Answer 22

E. canis, E. chaffeensis

Question 23

What pathogen causes granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis?

Answer 23

E. ewingii

Question 24

What pathogen causes granulocytotrophic anaplasmosis?

Answer 24

A. phagocytophilum

Question 25

What pathogen causes thrombocytotropic anaplasmosis?

Answer 25

A. platys

Question 26

What pathogen causes salmon poisoning?

Answer 26

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

Question 27

what is the pathophysiology for most rickettsial dzs?

Answer 27

Enter the blood - replicate in endothelial cells –> vascular damage and increased vascular permeability –. leakage of fluid or erythrocytes into the extravascular space

vasculitis will lead to decreased PLT and ALB

clinically - petechiation, bleeding, lameness

Question 28

What are the vectors for E. canis and E. chaffeensis?

Answer 28

Rhipicephalus spp, Amblyomma americanum

these infect monocytes in phagocytic tissues (spleen, liver, LN)

Question 29

What anaplasma spps infect neutrophils and cause lameness, fever, joint swelling and pain?

Answer 29

A. equi or A. ewingii

Question 30

What is the vector for A. phagocytophilum? What cells does it infect?

Answer 30

Ixodes spps

infects neutrophils

Causes anemia and leukopenia

Question 31

What are the vectors for A. platys? What cells does this species infect?

Answer 31

Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor spps

infects platelets

causes thrombocytopenia

Question 32

T/F: Rocky mountain spotted fever can be diagnosed by finding a rickettsia organism on a blood smear

Answer 32

FALSE

serology and PCR are available

Question 33

What is a common finding on chemistry in a patient with a rickettsial disease?

Answer 33

hypoalbunemia and hyperglobulinemia

Question 34

What CNS signs may be noted in a patient with rickettsial dz?

Answer 34

vestibular and cerebellar signs, coma, paralysis

Question 35

What pathogen most commonly will cause a chronic ehrlichia disease?

Answer 35

E. canis

when the body and treatment can not eliminate the organisms - leads to chronic phase - signs can be absent or severe (bone marrow involvement/pancytopenia )

Question 36

What is used to treat rickettsial diseases?

Answer 36

Doxycycline 5-10 mg/kg/day PO for 10-21 days or longer for chronic cases

Question 37

What diagnostic test can be used to test for salmon poisoning?

Answer 37

Fecal = fluke eggs

FNA of LN - may have rickettsial inclusions