Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Most common presentation of S. aureus with Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)

A

Soft tissue infections (ie. pyogenic skin infections)

Necrotizing pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Common/typical infective endocarditis (IE) organisms

A

Viridans streptococci (mutans, sanguis, salivarus, mitis, bovis)
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus
HACEK group (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Major Duke Criteria for IE

A
  • Microbiology - ‘typical’ bugs in 2 separate blood cultures OR persistently positive culture of unusual organism
  • Echocardiogram - oscillating mass, abscess, new partial dehiscence of prosthetic valve OR new valvular regurgitation
  • Serology - for Coxiella burnetti
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Minor Duke Criteria for IE

A
  • Predisposition - IVDU or heart condition
  • Fever 38°C
  • Vascular phenomena - arterial embolism, septic pulmonary infarct, Janeway lesion, mycotic aneurysm, intracranial haemorrhage
  • Immunological phenomena - glomerulonephritis, Oslers nodes, Roth spots
  • Suggestive microbiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Common UTI organisms

A
E. coli
Enterobacteriaceae
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Common liver abscess organisms

A
Entamoeba histolytica
Streptococcus milleri
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Candida
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Common periodontic disease organisms

A
Streptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Veillonella
Corynebacterium
Lactobacillus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Protease inhibitor (eg. ritonavir, cobicstat) function in HIV treatment

A

Reduce CYP3A4 metabolism of other anti-retrovirals, improving pharmacokinetic profile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vaccines contraindicated for immunosuppressed

A
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
Live attenuated influenzae vaccine
Varicella - live
Zoster - live
Rotavirus - live
BCG
Oral typhoid
Yellow fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Common chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) infections

A
Catalase producing organisms:
S. aureus
Aspergillus
Pseudomonas
Serratia
Nocardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Linezolid - adverse reactions

A
Myelosuppression
Peripheral neuropathy
GIT upset
Bad taste
Rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most associated antibiotics with C. difficile colitis

A
Clindamycin
Fluoroquinolones (eg. ciprofloxacin)
Cephalosporins
Macrolides (eg. azithromycin)
Penicillins - due to common prescribing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most effective strategy to prevent recurrence of rheumatic fever

A

Secondary prophylaxis with benzathine penicillin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common traveller’s diarrhoea organisms

A
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Campylobacter
Shigella
Giardia
Salmonella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common persistent traveller’s diarrhoea organisms

A
Giardia
Campylobacter
Entamoeba
Shigella
Strongyloides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment of traveller’s diarrhoea

A

Azithromycin
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Tinidazole / metronidazole - in Giardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers

A

Tazocin (piperacillin+tazobactam)

Timentin (ticarcillin+clavulanate)

18
Q

Treatment of infective endocarditis

A

Penicillin + gentamicin - Viridans strep, enterococcal,
Flucloxacillin - Staphylococcal
Ceftriaxone - E. faecalis, or alternative to penicillin
Vancomycin - MRSA or MRSE

19
Q

Dengue fever - presentation

A
Onset - 3-10 day incubation
Fever (2-3 days)
Rash (maculopapular)
Aches / pains - breakbone fever
Nausea / vomiting
Tourniquet test - positive
20
Q

Malaria relapse - presentation

A
Onset - 21-30 days (up to years)
Fever
Flu-like illness
Splenomegaly
Jaundice
Great immitator - diarrhoea, cough etc.
21
Q

Acute tuberculosis - presentation

A

Onset - 3-10 weeks
Fever (gradual, low grade, 2-3 weeks)
Pleuritic chest pain

22
Q

Amoebic liver abscess - presentation

A
Onset - 12 weeks post-return
Fever
RUQ pain
Weight loss
Liver abscess
23
Q

Travel-related infections - short incubation (less than 10 days)

A
Influenza
Dengue
Yellow fever
Plague
Paratyphoid fever
Mediterranean spotted fever
African tick-bite fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
24
Q

Travel-related infections - intermediate incubation (from 10-21 days)

A
Malaria
Viral haemorrhagic fever
Typhoid fever
Scrub typhus
Q fever
Relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.)
African trypanosomiasis
25
Travel-related infections - long incubation (more than 21 days)
``` Malaria Hepatitis A, B, C, E Rabies Schistosomiasis Leishmaniasis Amoebic liver abscess Tuberculosis Filariasis Brucellosis ```
26
Treatment of tuberculosis (TB)
``` 2 months (initial phase): Isoniazid Rifampicin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol ``` 4 months (continuation phase): Isoniazid Rifampicin
27
Most common cause of Mollaret's recurrent meningitis
HSV-2 | Characterised by 3 episodes of at least 2-5 days
28
Most common cause of infective endocarditis in IVDU
Staphylococcus aureus
29
Treatment of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)
Meropenem | Cotrimoxazole
30
Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)
Isoniazid 300mg daily for 6-9 months (Pyridoxine 25mg daily - to reduce risk peripheral neuropathy) (Alternatively - rifampicin for 4 months)
31
Risk factors for reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)
Recent acquisition within 2 years (household contact or healthcare worker) T cell immunocompromise (HIV, post-transplant immunosuppression, lymphoma, leukemia) Renal failure on dialysis Treatment with biologics
32
Common prosthetic valve infective endocarditis organisms
Early (1st 6 months): Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase negative staphylococcus Late (after 6 months): Similar to non-valvular endocarditis - Streptococcus
33
Strongyloidiasis - presentation
Eosinophilia Intermittent GI symptoms - abdo pain, diarrhoea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting Cutaneous - oedema, petechiae, pruritis Pulmonary - dry cough, dyspnoea, wheeze, haemoptysis
34
Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) - definition
Fever 38.3 on several occasions Duration of fever more than 3 weeks Uncertain diagnosis despite 1 week study in-hospital
35
Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) - minimum investigations
``` Blood cultures x3 ESR, CRP LDH Tuberculin skin test or Quantiferon Gold HIV Ab RF, ANA, SPEP CT CAP ```
36
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) - definition
Resistance to isoniazid + rifampicin | isoniazid resistance most common - 13%
37
Common intravascular catheter related infection organisms
Coagulase negative Staph Staphylococcus aureus Enterococcus Candida
38
Most common cause septic arthritis
Staphylococcus aureus
39
AIDS defining malignancies
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Kaposi sarcoma Cervical cancer
40
Dengue haemorrhagic fever - criteria
- Increased vascular permeability - haematocrit 20% above base, pleural effusion, ascites - Thrombocytopenia - less than 100 - Fever - 2 to 7 days - Haemorrhage - spontaneous bleed, positive Tourniquet test
41
Asymptomatic bacteriuria - indications to treat
Pregnancy | Prior to urological intervention with mucosal bleeding