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BPT Written > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Most common presentation of S. aureus with Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)

A

Soft tissue infections (ie. pyogenic skin infections)

Necrotizing pneumonia

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2
Q

Common/typical infective endocarditis (IE) organisms

A

Viridans streptococci (mutans, sanguis, salivarus, mitis, bovis)
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus
HACEK group (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella)

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3
Q

Major Duke Criteria for IE

A
  • Microbiology - ‘typical’ bugs in 2 separate blood cultures OR persistently positive culture of unusual organism
  • Echocardiogram - oscillating mass, abscess, new partial dehiscence of prosthetic valve OR new valvular regurgitation
  • Serology - for Coxiella burnetti
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4
Q

Minor Duke Criteria for IE

A
  • Predisposition - IVDU or heart condition
  • Fever 38°C
  • Vascular phenomena - arterial embolism, septic pulmonary infarct, Janeway lesion, mycotic aneurysm, intracranial haemorrhage
  • Immunological phenomena - glomerulonephritis, Oslers nodes, Roth spots
  • Suggestive microbiology
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5
Q

Common UTI organisms

A 
E. coli
Enterobacteriaceae
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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6
Q

Common liver abscess organisms

A 
Entamoeba histolytica
Streptococcus milleri
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Candida
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7
Q

Common periodontic disease organisms

A 
Streptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Veillonella
Corynebacterium
Lactobacillus
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8
Q

Protease inhibitor (eg. ritonavir, cobicstat) function in HIV treatment

A

Reduce CYP3A4 metabolism of other anti-retrovirals, improving pharmacokinetic profile

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9
Q

Vaccines contraindicated for immunosuppressed

A 
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
Live attenuated influenzae vaccine
Varicella - live
Zoster - live
Rotavirus - live
BCG
Oral typhoid
Yellow fever
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10
Q

Common chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) infections

A 
Catalase producing organisms:
S. aureus
Aspergillus
Pseudomonas
Serratia
Nocardia
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11
Q

Linezolid - adverse reactions

A 
Myelosuppression
Peripheral neuropathy
GIT upset
Bad taste
Rash
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12
Q

Most associated antibiotics with C. difficile colitis

A 
Clindamycin
Fluoroquinolones (eg. ciprofloxacin)
Cephalosporins
Macrolides (eg. azithromycin)
Penicillins - due to common prescribing
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13
Q

Most effective strategy to prevent recurrence of rheumatic fever

A

Secondary prophylaxis with benzathine penicillin G

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14
Q

Common traveller’s diarrhoea organisms

A 
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Campylobacter
Shigella
Giardia
Salmonella
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15
Q

Common persistent traveller’s diarrhoea organisms

A 
Giardia
Campylobacter
Entamoeba
Shigella
Strongyloides
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16
Q

Treatment of traveller’s diarrhoea

A

Azithromycin
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Tinidazole / metronidazole - in Giardia

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17
Q

Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers

A

Tazocin (piperacillin+tazobactam)

Timentin (ticarcillin+clavulanate)

18
Q

Treatment of infective endocarditis

A

Penicillin + gentamicin - Viridans strep, enterococcal,
Flucloxacillin - Staphylococcal
Ceftriaxone - E. faecalis, or alternative to penicillin
Vancomycin - MRSA or MRSE

19
Q

Dengue fever - presentation

A 
Onset - 3-10 day incubation
Fever (2-3 days)
Rash (maculopapular)
Aches / pains - breakbone fever
Nausea / vomiting
Tourniquet test - positive
20
Q

Malaria relapse - presentation

A 
Onset - 21-30 days (up to years)
Fever
Flu-like illness
Splenomegaly
Jaundice
Great immitator - diarrhoea, cough etc.
21
Q

Acute tuberculosis - presentation

A

Onset - 3-10 weeks
Fever (gradual, low grade, 2-3 weeks)
Pleuritic chest pain

22
Q

Amoebic liver abscess - presentation

A 
Onset - 12 weeks post-return
Fever
RUQ pain
Weight loss
Liver abscess
23
Q

Travel-related infections - short incubation (less than 10 days)

A 
Influenza
Dengue
Yellow fever
Plague
Paratyphoid fever
Mediterranean spotted fever
African tick-bite fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
24
Q

Travel-related infections - intermediate incubation (from 10-21 days)

A 
Malaria
Viral haemorrhagic fever
Typhoid fever
Scrub typhus
Q fever
Relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.)
African trypanosomiasis
25
Q

Travel-related infections - long incubation (more than 21 days)

A 
Malaria
Hepatitis A, B, C, E
Rabies
Schistosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Amoebic liver abscess
Tuberculosis
Filariasis
Brucellosis
26
Q

Treatment of tuberculosis (TB)

A 
2 months (initial phase):
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

4 months (continuation phase):
Isoniazid
Rifampicin

27
Q

Most common cause of Mollaret’s recurrent meningitis

A

HSV-2

Characterised by 3 episodes of at least 2-5 days

28
Q

Most common cause of infective endocarditis in IVDU

A

Staphylococcus aureus

29
Q

Treatment of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)

A

Meropenem

Cotrimoxazole

30
Q

Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)

A

Isoniazid 300mg daily for 6-9 months
(Pyridoxine 25mg daily - to reduce risk peripheral neuropathy)
(Alternatively - rifampicin for 4 months)

31
Q

Risk factors for reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)

A

Recent acquisition within 2 years (household contact or healthcare worker)
T cell immunocompromise (HIV, post-transplant immunosuppression, lymphoma, leukemia)
Renal failure on dialysis
Treatment with biologics

32
Q

Common prosthetic valve infective endocarditis organisms

A

Early (1st 6 months):
Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase negative staphylococcus

Late (after 6 months):
Similar to non-valvular endocarditis - Streptococcus

33
Q

Strongyloidiasis - presentation

A

Eosinophilia
Intermittent GI symptoms - abdo pain, diarrhoea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Cutaneous - oedema, petechiae, pruritis
Pulmonary - dry cough, dyspnoea, wheeze, haemoptysis

34
Q

Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) - definition

A

Fever 38.3 on several occasions
Duration of fever more than 3 weeks
Uncertain diagnosis despite 1 week study in-hospital

35
Q

Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) - minimum investigations

A 
Blood cultures x3
ESR, CRP
LDH
Tuberculin skin test or Quantiferon Gold
HIV Ab
RF, ANA, SPEP
CT CAP
36
Q

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) - definition

A

Resistance to isoniazid + rifampicin

isoniazid resistance most common - 13%

37
Q

Common intravascular catheter related infection organisms

A

Coagulase negative Staph
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus
Candida

38
Q

Most common cause septic arthritis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

39
Q

AIDS defining malignancies

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Cervical cancer

40
Q

Dengue haemorrhagic fever - criteria

A
  • Increased vascular permeability - haematocrit 20% above base, pleural effusion, ascites
  • Thrombocytopenia - less than 100
  • Fever - 2 to 7 days
  • Haemorrhage - spontaneous bleed, positive Tourniquet test
41
Q

Asymptomatic bacteriuria - indications to treat

A

Pregnancy

Prior to urological intervention with mucosal bleeding

BPT Written (20 decks)

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