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BPT Written > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

CHA2DS2-VASc score

A 
Congestive heart failure - 1
Hypertension - 1
Age 65-74 years - 1, ≥75 years - 2
Diabetes mellitus - 1
Stroke/TIA/TE - 2
Vascular disease (prior MI, PAD, or aortic plaque) - 1
Sex category (ie. Female) - 1

Oral anticoagulant if score ≥2

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2
Q

When is warfarin preferred over NOAC for anticoagulation in AF?

A
  • Patient already stable on warfarin.
  • CrCl less than 30
  • Prosthetic heart valves
  • Rheumatic heart disease
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Enzyme inducing antiepileptic eg. Phenytoin
  • HIV infection on protease inhibitor
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3
Q

Pulsus paradoxus

A

Drop in BP more than 10mmHg with inspiration.

eg. severe asthma, cardiac tamponade

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4
Q

Kussmaul’s sign

A

Elevation of JVP on inspiration due to poor RV filling.

eg. constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade

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5
Q

Pansystolic murmur

A

Mitral regurgitation
Tricuspid regurgitation
Ventricular septal defect
Aortopulmonary shunts

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6
Q

Mid-systolic murmur

A

Aortic stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary flow murmur of ASD

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7
Q

Late systolic murmur

A

Mitral valve prolapse

Papillary muscle dysfunction (eg. HOCM)

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8
Q

Early diastolic murmur

A

Aortic regurgitation

Pulmonary regurgitation

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9
Q

Mid-diastolic murmur

A 
Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis
Atrial myxoma
Austin Flint murmur of AR
Carey Coombs murmur of acute rheumatic fever
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10
Q

Murmur accentuation

A

Left sided accentuates with expiration.

Right sided accentuates with inspiration.

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11
Q

Duke treadmill score (in exercise stress testing)

A

Exercise time (on Bruce protocol in minutes) - (5 x max ST deviation in mm) - (4 x exercise angina, 0=none, 1=non-limiting, 2=limiting)

Low risk ≥5 (99% 4 year survival)
Moderate risk -10 to 4 (90% 4 year survival)
High risk ≤-11 (65% 4 year survival)

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12
Q

Brugada criteria - differentiate VT from SVT

A

Concordance
RS interval (over 100msec)
AV dissociation
QRS morphology criiteria

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13
Q

Brugada criteria - QRS morphology RBBB pattern

A

Monophasic R
Biphasic qR in V1
rS complex in V6

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14
Q

Brugada criteria - QRS morphology LBBB pattern

A

Broad R wave ≥40msec
Notched S wave downstroke
QRS ≥60msec in V1/V2
Q or QS wave in V6

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15
Q

Most common symptoms of myocarditis

A

Dyspnoea - 72%
Chest pain - 32%
Arrhytmias - 18%

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16
Q

Most common acquired valvular disease

A

Aortic stenosis

17
Q

Long QT - definition

A

QT interval - measured from onset QRS to termination of T wave

Men - more than 470 msec abnormal
Women - more than 480 msec abnormal

18
Q

ECG findings - pulmonary embolism

A 
Sinus tachycardia
Non-specific ST & T-wave changes (70%)
S1Q3T3 pattern
RV strain
New incomplete RBBB
19
Q

Most common cause of large U waves

A

Hypokalaemia (typical)
Bradycardia
Antiarrhythmic drugs (class 1A and 3)
Intracranial haemorrhage

20
Q

Exercise stress ECG - most predictive finding for multivessel or left main coronary artery disease

A

ST segment elevation in aVR

21
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM) - echocardiogram diagnosis

A

LV thickness more than 15mm

Septal to free wall ratio 1.3 to 1.5

22
Q

Atrial flutter - circuit origin

A

Tricuspid annulus

23
Q

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia - circuit origin

A

Right ventricular outflow tract

24
Q

Atrial fibrillation - circuit origin

A

Pulmonary veins

25
Q

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) - circuit origin

A

Dual AV node pathways

posterior slow pathway - target for ablation

26
Q

Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) - circuit origin

A

Accessory pathway (from AV ring/groove or septum)

27
Q

Beta blockers - non-selective (beta 1 and beta 2)

A

Propranolol
Sotalol
Carvedilol (alpha 1 as well)

28
Q

Beta blockers - beta 1 selective

A

Metoprolol

Atenolol

29
Q

Most common cause aortic stenosis

A

Calcification aortic valve - age 70+

Bicuspid aortic valve - age 40-50

BPT Written (20 decks)

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