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Internal Medicine > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Most common CAP vs Nosocomial pneumonia

A

CAP=Strep. Pneumo

Nosocomial=E. coli, Pseudo, and S. Aureus

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2
Q

Atypical pneumonia common bugs and signs

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumonia, Coxiela, legionella, influenza

Dry cough, headache, sore throat
Normal pulse with high fever

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3
Q

Legionella common demographics

A

Organ transplant recipeients, renal failure, patients with chronic lung disease, and smokers

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4
Q

Nursing home residents common infection

A

Psuedomonas predilection for upper lobes

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5
Q

CD4 count less than 500 infections

A

Tb, recurrent pneumonias, vaginal candidiasis, and herpes zoster

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6
Q

CD4 count less than 200 infections and prophylaxis

A

pneumocystis jirovecii, cryptococcis (treat with IV amphotericin B plus flucytosine and chronic suppression with fluconazole, frequent lumbar punctures), histoplasmosis, or cryptospordiosis

Prophylaxis with TMP-SMX for pneumocystis one double strength tablet daily
P02 less than 70 and A-a gradient more than 35 have poor prognosis and should be given prednisone before TMP-SMX

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7
Q

CD4 count less than 50 infections

A

Mycobacterium aviium intracellulare complex, disseminated histoplasmosis, CMV retinitis, colitis, adrenalitis, and esophagitis (IV ganciclovir, foooscarnet or cidofovir), CNS lymphoma (diagnose with stereotactic brain biopsy or with CSF for epstein barr virus)

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8
Q

MAC with CD4 count less than 50 treatment

A

Clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifabutin for weeks

MAC prophylaxis-clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily
Azithromycin 1200 mg weekly

Don’t need concomitant HAART therapy with prophylaxis once CD4 counts recover

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9
Q

CD4 count less than 100

A

Prophylaxis with daily dosing of TMP-SMX

toxoplasmosis (sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine)

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10
Q

CURB 65 guidelines

A 
Confusion
Uremia >20 BUN
RR >30
BP less than 90/60
>65
More than 2= inpatient
More than 4=ICU
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11
Q

Outpatient younger than 60 with pneumonia bugs and treatment

A

S. pneumo, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia or legionella

Treatment: Macrolides (azithromycin or clarythromycin)
or doxycycline

For 5 days

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12
Q

Older than 60 or with comorbidiites outpatient pneumonia treatment

A

Fluroquinolone (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)
Second or third cephalosporin
For 5 days

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13
Q

Co morbidities to consider for pneumonia

A

Heart disease, sickle cell, pulmonary disease, diabetes, alcoholic cirrhosis

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14
Q

Inpatient CAP treatment

A

Macrolides + cephalosporin

Or fluorquinolone

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15
Q

ICU CAP treatment

A

Cephalosprin + macrolide (IV)

Cephalsoprin + flluoroquinolone

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16
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia (in hospital for >72 hours)

A

ceftazidime or cefepime
Imipenem
piperccillin/tazobactam

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17
Q

Ventilator associated pneumonia diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: new inflitrate on CXR, purlent secretion from endotracheal tube
Bronchoalveolar lavage

Treatment: 3 drugs

  1. ceftazdimine/cefipime OR pipercillin/tazobactam OR carbapenem (Pseudo)
  2. Aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone (Pseudo)
  3. Vanco or linezolid (gram +)
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18
Q

Lung abscess treatment

A

Postural drainage
Antibiotics:
Gram positive: ampicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, or Vanco
Anaerobes: clinda or metro
Gram negative: fluoroquinolone or ceftazidime

Continue until cavity is gone or until CXR have improved considerably

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19
Q

Results of PPD test results and treatment

A

Used for latent TB not active TB (active TB order a sputum culture)
Positive if >15 mm in patients with no risk factors

High risk (high prevelance areas, immigrants, health care workers, nursing home residents, close contact with TB, alcoholics, diabetics)=10 mm positive

HIV, steroid users, organ transplant, close contact with active TB, radiographic evidence of primary TB=5 mm is positive

Never have had a PPD test before do another test in 1-2 weeks

If positive use chest X ray to rule out active disease-if excluded use 9 months of isoniazid (even if have had BCG vaccine)

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20
Q

Treatment of TB

A

2 months of RIPE (or streptomycin) and then 4 months of INH and rifampin

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21
Q

Ages and treatment of suspected meningitis

A

less than 4 weeks: aminoglycoside
Infants (less than 3 mos): cefotzxime +ampicillin +vanco
3 mos to 50 years: ceftriaxone or cefotaxime + vanco
greater than 50: ceftriaxone or cefotaxime+vanco+ampicilin
Impaired cellular immunity: ceftazidime +ampicilin +vanco

Aseptic is supportive

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22
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of encephalitis

A

CSF PCR
MRI of brain-T2 signal in frontotemporal region=HSV encephalitis
EEG=tempral lobe discharges

Treatment: HSV=acycylovir for 2-3 weeks
CMV=ganciclovir or foscarnet

23
Q

Importance of HBeAg, HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HbC

A

HbeAg: indicates infectivity
HbsAg: earliest to arrive
anti-HBs-natural or vaccine induced immunity
Anti-HbC: present during window period

24
Q

diagnosis of Hep C

A

PCR detects viral load

25
Q

Diagnosis Treatment of botulism

A

Diagnosis: ID toxin in serum, stool or gastric contents (bioassay)

gastric lavage if within several hours

High suspicion=antitoxin

Wounds=penicillin and wound cleansing

26
Q

Complicated UTI

A

extends beyond blader: pyelo, prostatits, urosepsis)

Risks: men, diabetes, pregnancy, RF, history of pyelo, obstruction, catheter, resistant organism, immunocompromised

27
Q

Treatment of UTI

A 
uncomplicated: 
TMP/SMX (bactrim): 3 days
nitrofurantoin: 5-7 days
Fosfomycin: single dose
Ciprofloxacin: 3 days

Pregnant: ampicllin, amoxicciln or oral cephalosporins: 7-10 days

Men: same as uncomplicated but for 7 days

Recurrent: 2 more weeks of treatment and culture

2+ UTIs per year: TMP/SMx after sex or at first symptoms
or low dose TMP/SMX for 6 months

Phenzopyridine: urinary analgesic

28
Q

Treatment of Pyelonephritis

A

Uncomplicated
TMP/SMX or fluroquinolone for 10-14 days
Amoxcillin
Single dose of ceftriaxone or gentamicn

Ill, elderly, pregnant, unable to tolerate orals, urosepsis
Hospitalize and give IV fluids
Ampicillin plus gentamicn or cipro-parenterally
Treat until patient is afebrile for 24 hrs then 14-21 day course
Urosepsis: IV antibiotics for 2-3 weeks

Recurrent:
same organism: 6 week treatment
dif. organism: 2 week treatment

29
Q

Treatment of acute and chronic prostatits

A

Acute: IV TMP/SMX if extremely ill
Mild: TMP/SMX or fluoroquinolone or doxycycline for 4-6 weeks

Chronic: fluroquinolone

30
Q

HPV treatment

A

ticholracetic acid, podophyllin, inqiquimoid, surgery

31
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of HSV

A

Diagnosis:
Tzanc smear is quickest test shows multinucleated giant cells
Culture of HSV is gold standard-swab base of ulcer
Elisa- minutes to hours
encephaltiis: PCR of CSF is gold standard, EEG prominent intermittent high amp with slower waves

oral or topical acyclovir for 7-10 days
Foscarnet for resistant or immunocompromised

Disseminated: hospitalize and parenteral acyclovir

32
Q

When is syphilis not contagious?

A

late latent phase if serology has been positive for >1 year

33
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of syphilis

A

Diagnosis: start with VDRL or RPR if positive then do a FTA-ABS
Test for HIV

Treatment: Benzathine penicillin (one dose IM)
if allergic doxycycline for 2 weeks

Latent or tertiary: penicclin 3 doses IM once per week

34
Q

Chancroid diagnosis and treatment

A

haemphoilus ducreyi
Diagnosis: painful genital ulcer, unilateral tender inguinal lymphadenopathy
Rule out syphilis and HSV

Treatment: azithormycin or ceftriaxone (IM) (one dose)

35
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

C. Trachomatis
Painless ulcer, tender inguinal lymphadenopathy, constitutinal symptoms

Can lead to perianal fissures, andretal stricture or elephantiasis of genitals

Diagnosis: serology-complement fixation, immunofluorescnce

Treatment: doxy for 21 days

36
Q

Pediculosis Pubis

A

Pubic lice

diagnosis: examination of hair under the microscope

Treatment: permethrin 1% shampoo (Elmite)

37
Q 
Cellulitis:treatment
Local trauma-
wounds. abscesses
Immersion in water
Acute sinusitis
A

trauma-Strep. pyogenes
wounds-S. aureus
immersion-pseudo, aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio vulnificus
Sinusitis-H. influenza

Treatment: Oxacililn/nafcillin or cephalosporin-IV until infection improves
then 2 weeks of oral antibiotics

38
Q

Erysipelas

A

Cellulits confined to dermis and lymphatics
Caused by Strep. pyogenes

Fiery red, well demarcated, painful lesion
High fever and chills

Predisposing factors: lymphatic obstruction, local trauma, fungal infections, diabetes, alcoholism

Complications: sepsis, local spread to subQ tissues, necrotizing fasciitis

Treatment: IM or oral penicillin or erythromycin

39
Q

Tetanus treatment

A

Admit to ICU and provide respiratory support
Diazepam for tetany
Neutralize unbound toxin with passive immunization-give single dose of tetanus immune globulin (if large wound and unknown tetanus status, >10 yrs since boster or less than 3 Td)
Provide active immunization with tetanus/diptheria toxoid
Thoroughly clean and debride wounds with tissue necrosis
Give metroniadzole or penicillin G

If have greater than 3 doses of Td do not have to provide passive or active immunity

40
Q

Osteomyelitis diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis:
ESR and CRP useful in monitoring response to therapy
Needle aspiration or bone biopsy: most direct and accurate means of diagnosis
MRI: most effective imaging study

Treatment: IV antibiotics for 4-6 weeks only after etiology is based on cultures
Empircally:
Penicillinase resistatn penicillin-oxacillin or 1st gen cephalosporin-cefazolin
Aminoglycoside and B-lactam Ab if possilbility of gram-

Surgical debridement

41
Q

Organisms and acute infectious arthritis

A

S. Aureus-most common overall
Young sexually active-gonorrhea
sickle cell, immunodefiency, IV drug abuse-salmonella, pseudo

42
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of acute infectious arthritis

A

Diagnosis
Joint aspiration->50,000 WBC with 80% PMNs
PCR of fluid if gonorrhea suspected
Elevated ESR
Elevated CPR-mointoring clinical improvement
CT or MRI-sacroiliac or facet joints involved

Treatment:
Daily aspiration or surgical drainage
Healthy adult: (S. aureus)-Parenteral, oxacillin and cephazolin for 4 weeks

Immunocompromised or other gram-indications: parenteral ceftriaxone or aminoglycoside for 3-4 weeks
tazobactam+pipercillin if pseudo

Gonnorrhea: parenteral ceftriaxone until improvement then cipro for 3-10 days orally also doxy

43
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease

A

Diagnosis: Clinical-treat empirically
IgM Abs peak 3-6 weeks after onset of symptoms
Serologic studies: ELISA (serum IgG and IgM) during first month of illness
Western blot

Treatment:
Localized disease 10 days of antibiotics
Early Lyme disease:
Oral doxcycline-21 days 
Amoxicclin and cefuroxime if pregnant or less than 12

facial nerve palsy, arthritis, or cardiac disease (30-60 days) of antibiotic therapy

CNS: treat antibioticcs for 4 weeks

44
Q

Treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Doxycycline for 7 days orally or IV if vomiting

CNS manifestations or pregnant: chloramphenicol

45
Q

Treatment of malaria

A

Chloroquine phosphate unless resistance is suspected (pretty much everywhere)
Qunine sulfate and tetracycline or atovaquone-proguanil and mefloquine
P. faliciparum (no remission of fever) may require IV quinidine and doxycycline
P. Vivax and ovale may requrie primaquine phosphate for hypnozoites in liver
Prophylaxis: mefloquine or chloroquine if not going to resistant areas

46
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of rabies

A

Diagnosis: virus or viral Ag in infected tissue
Serum Ab titers
Negri bodies histologically
PCR detection of virus RNA

Treatment
Clean the wound thoroughly
Wild animal bites: find animal capture and destroy them and send to lab for immunofluorescen of brain tissue
Healthy dog or cat: capture animal and observe for 10 days

Known exposure
Passive immunization: Administer human rabies immunoglobulin into the wound and gluteal region
Active immunization: administer antirabies vaccine in three IM doses into deltoid or thigh over a 28 day period

47
Q

HIV prophylaxis s/p needle stick

A

Tenofovir-emtricitabin, raltegravir for 4weeks

Serology: immediately, 6wk, 3m, 6m

48
Q

Candidiasis Treatment

A

oropharyngeal candidiasis: clotrimazole troches five times per day
Nystatin mouthwas: three to five times per day
Oral ketoconazole or fluconazole

Vaginal: miconazole or clotrimazole

Cutaneous: oral nystatin powder

Systemic: amphotericin B or fluconazole or vorinconazole or caspfungin

49
Q

Treatment for leptospirosis

A

oral: tetracycline or doxycycline if severe IV penicillin G

50
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcosis

A

Diagnosis: LP is essential if meningitis suspected
Latex agglutiation detects cryptococcal Ag in CSF
Tissue biopsy is characterized by lack of inflammatory response

Treatment: amphotericin B with flucytosine for approx. 2 weeks followed by oral fluconazole

51
Q

Catheter related sepsis organisms

A

S. aureus and S. epidermidis

52
Q

Precautions for neutropenic patients

A

Reverse isolation precuations: positive pressure room, masks, and strict handwashing

53
Q

amount of time to wait after mono to play sports

A

3-4 weeks after symptoms onset

Internal Medicine (17 decks)

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