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Internal Medicine > Endocrine Diagnosis and Treatment > Flashcards

Endocrine Diagnosis and Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of pregnancy induced hyperthyroidism

A

High TBG

T3 uptake will decrease (by resin)

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2
Q

radionucleotide uptake of plummer’s disease (multinodular toxic goiter)

A

Decreased TSH

Patchy uptake

Atrophy of thyroid gland

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3
Q

Radionucleatide uptake of toxic thyroid adenoma

A

Atrophy of rest of thyroid

Low TSH

increased uptake in one area

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4
Q

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

A

Immediate control: B blockers
sodium ipodate or iopanoic acid if don’t respond to conventional therapy

Non pregnant:start metimazole
Taper B blocker after 4-8 weeks
Continue methimazole for 1-2 years then measure TBG IgG Ab at 12 months if absent can discontinue therapy, 1 more year of therapy if present

Pregnant: Endocrinology consult
PTU preferred

Elderly, solitary nodule, antithyroid therapy fails: radioactive iodine ablation therapy

Thyroidectomy: reserved for large goiters, allergic to antithyroid drugs or if they prefer surgery

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5
Q

Treatment of Thyroid storm

A

IV fluids, cooling blankets, and glucose

PTU every 2 hours followed by iodine to inhibit thyroid hormone release

B blockers for HR

Dexmethasone impairs T4 to T3 conversion and provides adrenal support

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6
Q

Diagnosis of Graves Disease

A

IgG binds to TSH receptors
Thyroid bruit

Low TSH level-initial test of choice
Next order-T4 level

Radioactive T3 uptake: (give radioactive T3 with resin testing to see if TBG is “filled” and uptake by resin)
Diffuse uptake of radioactive T3

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7
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Hashimotos (chornic lymphocytic thyroiditis)

A

Goiter is rubbery, nontender and nodular

High TSH

Low free T4

Decreased/ irregular uptake of radionucleotide iodine-

Increased antimicrosomal Abs, antiperoxidase, antithyroglobulin Abs

Elevated LDL and decreased HDL, hypertriglyceridemia, increased AST and ALT, increased creatinine kinase

Treatment: levothyroxine

Anemia: nomracytic

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8
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of sublclincal hypothyroidism

A

TSH elevated with normal T4 level

Elevated LDL levels

Treat with thyroxine if: patient develops goiter, hypercholesterolemia, symptoms of hypthyroidism, or significantly elevated TSH level

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9
Q

Treatment and Diagnosis of subacute (viral) thyroiditis

A

Assoiciated with HLA;B35

painful, tender thyroid gland

Radioiodine uptake is low
Low TSH (transient hyperthyroid state)
High ESR

Treatment: NSAIDs and aspirin for mild symptoms
Corticosteroids for more severe pain

Most recover within a few months to one year

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10
Q

Treatment and diagnosis of subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis

A

Transient thyrotoxic phase of 2 to 5 months followed by hypothyroid phase

Low radioactive iodine uptake-differentiates it from Graves’ disease
no pain or tenderness of thyroid gland

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11
Q

Pituitary adenoma diagnosis and treatment

A

Can release GH, prolactin, ACTH and TSH

Diagnosis: MRI, horomone levels

Treatment: transsphenoidal surgery (except prolactinomas)
Radiation therapy and medical therapy adjunct

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12
Q

Hyperprolactinemia diagnosis and treatment

A

Prolactinoma, psychiatric medications, H2 blockers, metoclopramide, verapamil, estrogen, pregnancy, hypothyroidism

Diagnosis: elevated serum prolactin level
order a pregnancy test and TSH level
CT scan or MRI to identify mass lesions

Treatment: bromocriptine or cabergoline for 2 years
transesphenoidal surgery if non responsive (recurrence is high)

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13
Q

Acromegaly diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: IGF-1 (somatomedin C) elevated
Oral glucose suppression test-glucose fails to suppress GH (as it should in healthy individuals)
MRI of pituitary
Hyperprolactinemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperphosphatemia may be seen

Treatment:
Transspenoidal resection of pituitary adenoma-treatment of choice
radiation thearpy if IGF-1 remain elevated
Octreotide to suppress GH secretion

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14
Q

Hypopituitarism causes, diagnosis and treatment

A

causes: radiation therapy, sheehans syndrome, infiltrative processses-sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, head trauma, caernous sinus thrombosis, surgery

Diagnosis: low levels of target hormones with normal trophic hormones
MRI of the brain

Treatment: replacement of hormones
if want to conceive refer to endocrinologist

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15
Q

Central Diabetes insipidus causes, diagnosis and treatment

A

Causes:
idiopathic, trauma, sarcoidosis, Tb, syphilis, encephaltiis

Diagnosis: colorless urine, thirst and polydipsia, polyuria, hypernatremia
Low urine specific gravity, low osmolality
Plasma osmolality: 280-310
Low ADH level

water deprivation test: no increase in urine osmalality above 280 mOsm/kg after 24 dehydration
Increase in urine osmolality after ADH given

Treatment: Desmopressin
Chlorpropamide increases ADH secretion

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16
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus causes, diagnosis and treatment

A

Causes: lithium, hypercalcemia, pyelo, demeclocyline, or congenital

Diagnosis: colorless urine, thirst and polydipsia, polyuria, hypernatremia
Low urine specific gravity, low osmolality
Plasma osmolality: 280-310
High ADH level

water deprivation test:
No increase in urine osmolality above 280 mOsm/kg with dehydration
No response to ADH after 24 hour dehydration

Treatment: sodium restriction and thiazide diuretics
Increased reabsorption of sodium and water in proximal tubule leading to decreased urine volume

17
Q

SIADH causes, diagnosis and treatment

A

Causes: neoplasms, lymphomas, leukemia
CNS disorders (stroke, head trauma, infection)
Pulmonary disorders (pneumonia, TB)
Venitilators with positive pressure, vincristine, SSRIs, chlorpropamide, oxytocin, morphine, desmopressin, NSAIDs potentiate ADH action, postoperative state

diagnosis: inappropriately concentrated urine, low plasma osmolality (less than 280) and increased urine osmolality (>100-150)
low serum uric acid level
Low BUN and creatinine
Absence of hypervolemia

Treatment:
asymptomatic: water restriction or normal saline with a loop diuretic if need faster results
Lithium carbonate or demecolcycline

symptomatic: restrict water intake, give isotonic saline\
raise .5 mEq/L per hour

18
Q

Pseudohypoparathyrodism diagnosis

A

hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, high PTH, low urinary cAMP

19
Q

Hypoparathyroidism diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: prolonged QT on ECG
low serum calcium, high serum phosphage, serum PTH inappropriately low, low urine cAMP

Treatment: IV calcium gluconate in severe cases
oral calcium in mild to moderate cases
Vitamin D supplementation
Avoid hypercalciuria by keeping serum calcium at 8.0 to 8.5

20
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: HTN, shrotened QT weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria

Hypercalcmia (ionized fraction or ionized Ca level)
PTH elevated relative to serum calcium levels

Hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, urine cAMP is elevated

Chloride/phosphorus ratio >33 is diagnostic

Radiographs: subperiosteal bone resorption (radial aspect of second and third phalanges), osteopenia

Treatment: 3D sestambi scintography and US localize before surgery
Surgery indications: age less than 50, marked decrease in bone mass, nephrolithiasis, episode of severe hypercalcemia, urine calcium >400 mg in 24 hours

Due to hyperplasia: all four glands removed and small amount of parathyroid tissue is placed in forearm to retain parathyroid function
Due to adenoma: surgical removal of adenoma
Due to carcinoma: remove the tumor, ipsilateral thyroid lobe and all enlarged lymph nodes

Encourage fluids, give diuretics (furosemide) to enhance calcium excretion if hypercalcemia is severe NOT THIAZIDES

21
Q

Dexmethasone suppression test

A
  1. give 1 mg of dexmetasone at 11 p.m. and measure serum cortisol level at 8 a.m.
    If the serum cortisol is less than 5 than Cushing syndrome is ruled out
    Cortisol greater than 5 means check ACTH level
  2. Low ACTH=adrenal tumor or hyperplasia (adrenal imaging should be done)
  3. High ACTH leads to high dose dexmethasone test
    Greater than 50% suppression=pituitary (MRI)
    less than 50% suppression=ectopic source (chest and abdominal CT, ocretreotide scan)
    Or
  4. CRH stimulation test
    + equals pituatry
    - equals ectopic source
22
Q

Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Iatrogenic: tapering of glucocorticoid
Pituitary Cushing’s syndrome: surgery (treanssphenoidal ablation)
Adrenal adenoma or carcinoma: adrenalectomy

23
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma

A

Diagnosis: urinary metanephrine, Vanillylmanndelic acid, homovanillic acid normetanephrine
Plasma metanephrines
Urine/serum epi and NE-if epi is elevated tumor must be adrenal or near the adrenal gland
Tumor localization: CT or MRI

Treatment: surgical tumor resection with early ligation of venous drainage
Patients treated with a-blockade (phenoxybenzamine) for 10-14 days prior to surgery (BP control) and B blockade 2-3 days (HR control) prior to surgery
Possible adrenalectomy

24
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of MEN syndrome

A

Screen with PCR on blood sample and DNA testing

Treatment: total thyroidectomy

25
Q

Primary Hyperaldosteronism diagnosis and treatment

A

HTN, weakness, polydipsia, noncturnal polyuria
hypernatremia and hypokalemia (metabolic alkalosis)

Diagnosis: plasma aldosterone:renin ratio is >30

Saline infusion test:
infusion of saline will decrease aldosterone levels in normal patients but not with hyperaldosteronism
Aldosterone levels are less than 8.5 after saline infusion then primary aldosteronism is ruled out

Oral sodium loading:
high salt diet for 3 days-high urine aldosterone in setting of high urine sodium confirms diagnosis

Diagnose cause:
Adrenal venous sampling: high levels of aldosterone on one side=adenoma, bilateral=hyperplasia
Renin aldosterone stimulation test
CT/MRI of adrenals: adenoma or hyperplasia anatomically
Iodocholesterol scanning: functional approach to differentiation
Arteriography/venography

Treatment: adenoma-surgical resection
Adrenal incidentaloma-resection if greater than 6 cm
bilateral hyperplasia: spironolactone (NOT surgery)

26
Q

Adrenal crisis diagnosis and treatment

A

severe hypotension and cardiovascular collapse

Treatment: IV hydrocortisone, IV fluids (several liters of normal saline with 5% dextrose)

27
Q

Adrenal insufficiency diagnosis and treatment

A 
hypoglycemia, 
low aldosterone (primary only)-hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and hypovolemia

Diagnosis: decreased plasma cortisol
Plasma ACTH-low implies a secondary adrenal insufficiency

ACTH test: give IV infusion of ACTH and measure cortisol-cortisol does not increase in primary every
Cortisol will increase after 4 to 5 days in secondary (aldosterone and renin will also be normal)

treatment: primary: daily oral glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone or prednisone) daily fludrocortisone (mineralcorticoid)
Secondary: no mineralcorticoid necessary

28
Q

21 hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone

Treatment: cortisol and mineralcorticoid (shuts off ACTH secretion)
Surgically: correct female genital abnormalities

29
Q

Diabetes diagnosis

A

Two fasting glucose measurements greater than 125 mg/dL-preferred (recheck if between 100-126)

Single glucose level of 200 mg/dL with symptoms

Increased (>200) glucose level on oral glucose tolerance testing (after administration of equivalent of 75 g glucose load

hemoglobin A1c>6.5%

30
Q

Diabetes Outpatient management

A

Monitor HbA1c every 3 months (keeping it below 7.0 is the goal)

Check blood glucose levels before meals and at bedtime. Monitor 90 to 120 minutes after meals

Screen for microalbuninema once a year (prescribe ACE inhib or ARB)

Check BUN and Cr once a year

Eye screening yearly

Check feet at every visit-encourage patient to do so

Check cholesterol once a year: Statin if LDL >100

ACE or ARB if BP >130/80

Daily aspirin in all diabetics over age 30

Pneumoccocal vaccine

31
Q

Treatment goals of diabetes

A

Glycemic control-HbA1c less than 7%, fasting blood glucose less than 130, and peak postprandial blood glucose less than 180

BP control less than 130/85

LDL less than 100, HDL greater than 40

Smoking cessation

daily aspirin

32
Q

Treatment of Diabetes

A

Diet and exercise

Glucose >240=insulin
Glucose 140-240=hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, metformin, acrabose, thiazoldinediones)

Metformin is first agent of choice

Regular insulin give IV for ketoacidosis

33
Q

Diabetic retinopathy complications and treatment

A

edema of the macula=leading cause of blindness

Vitreal hemorrhhage and retinal detachment can lead to blindness

Treatment is laser photocoagulation

34
Q

Treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A

NSAIDs, gabapentin, tricyclic antidepressants or pregabalin

35
Q

Treatment of diabetic gastroparesis

A

metoclopramide, exercise and low fat diet

36
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of DKA

A

Diagnosis: Hyperglycemia (glucose >450)
Metabolic acidosis: ph less than 7.3 and serum HCO3- less than 15 increased anion gap
Ketonemia: acetoacetate, acetone and B-hydroxybutyrate

Hyperosmoalrity
Hyponatremia-total body sodium is normal
hyperkalemia: total body potassium is low
Phosphate and Mg are low

Treatment:
IV insulin immediately -make sure not hypokalemic
Continue insulin until anion gap closes and metabolic acidosis is corrected
Give SC insulin when anion gap less than 12, HCO3 >15 and eating again overlap by 1-2 hours

Fluid replacment: .9% immediately
Add 5% glucose once blood glucose reaches less than 250 to prevent hypoglycemia

Replace potassium with IV fluids if less than 5.2 (no insulin if K+ less than 3.3) -initiate within 1-2 hours of starting insulin

Bicaronate if ph less than 6.9

Assessment of anion gap and beta-hydroxy-butyrate indicate resolution from DKA

37
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

A 
Diagnosis: hyperglycemia >900
Hyperosmolarity >320
Serum pH>7.3 (no acidosis, no ketosis)
HCO3->15
elevated BUN-prerenal azotemia

Treatment: fluid replacement is most important (normal saline): 1L in first hour another liter in the next 2 hours
When glucose reaches 250 mg/DL add 5% glucose
insulin-5 to 10 unit IV followed by continuous low dose infusion

38
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of hypoglycemia

A

Diagnosis: blood glucose below 50

true hypoglycemia:
hypoglycemic symptoms brought on by fasting
blood glucose less than 50 during an attack
glucose admin reduces smptoms

Measure: insulin, C pepetide and glucose during fast

Treatment: Patient can eat give sugar containing foods
If can’t eat give D50W IV and switch to D10W as clinical condition improves and glucose level is >100

If alcoholic give thiamine first

Internal Medicine (17 decks)

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