Infectious Disease Flashcards
Common pathogens
- viruses exp influenza
- bacteria exp strep throat
- fungi exp tines
- parasites exp malaria
Viruses
- 200 virus species can infect humans
- can infect many areas in the body, skin, reproductive tract, respiratory, gastrointestinal and NS
- vaccination for prevention; containing killed or inactive viruses
-treatment; goes away on its own sometimes antivirals; oral, topical, injections, antiretroviral
Bacterial infection
- less than 100 species can infect humans
- can infect any area of the body
- vaccination; tetanus and turbuculosis
- treatment usually goes away on its own
Antibiotics targeted to specific bacteria type and location of infection; oral, topical and injections
Fungi infections
- yeast, mold and mushrooms
- few hundred species can infect humans
- no licensed vaccines available
- can live on skin, nails, lungs and organs
- anti fungals; topicals, oral, injections
three main types of parasites cause disease in humans
- Protozoa, giardia single cell organism
- Helminths, roundworms, larger multicellular organisms
- ## Ectoparasites, lice, mites and ticks
Parasites infection and treatment
- vaccines for domestic animals
- WHO approved the first malaria vaccine in October 2021
- treatment; anti parasitics ; oral, topical and injections
Routes of transmission direct contact example
- sick person to non sick person
Routes of transmission indirect contact example
- sick person to object, object to non sick person
Route of transmission droplet example
- sick person needed gets on non sick person
Routes of transmission airborne example
- sick person breaths and tiny droplets get on non sick person sick
Routes of transmission vehicle example
- drinking something, touching something that contains pathogens
Routes of transmission vector borne example
- mosquitos, carrying disease
Bloodborne route of transmission example
- sharing needles
Mother to child route of transmission
- breast feeding
Symptoms of infections
- fever
- diarrhea
- fatigue
- muscle aches
- coughing
Diagnosis and treatment of infections
- clinical findings
- lab tests
- Blood tests, urine tests, throat swabs, stool samples, lumbar puncture
- imaging; X-ray, mri and ct
- biobsy
- most infectious diseases will resolve on their own, rest, fluids and pain control
- antivirals, antibiotics, antifungals and antiparasites also utilized
When to see a doctor
- animal bite
- cough for more than a week
- breathing problems
- severe headache with fever
- rash or swelling
- prolonged or unexplained fever
- Sudden vision problems
Rio 2016 olympic summer games
47% respiratory illnesses
21% gastrointestinal illnesses
Women suffered 40% more illnesses than men
Sochi Olympic Games
64% of illnesses were respiratory
11% gastrointestinal
Women suffered 50% more illnesses then men
2009 FINA world aquatic championship
- 50% respiratory illness
- 20% gastrointestinal ]
- women suffered 30% more illnesses
True or false women get more upper respiratory infections men get more serious lower respiratory infections
True
Risk of infection decreases with…
Moderate PA
Relationship between exercise and immune function is described as
J shaped curve
Excessive exercise may impair
Immune function and depressive effect lasts up to 24 hrs after exercise
Risk factors with infectious diseases
- strenuous exercise resulting in leukocyte depression
- higher rate of breathing resulting in exposure to bacteria and virus
- lack of sleep
- mental stress
- poor nutrition
What is the most common infection in athletes and the incidence and the pathogens
Upper respiratory tract infection
Incidence- average adult 1-6 inflections per year athletes and non athletes
Pathogens- majority are viral rhino virus, dirt and indirect contact; droplets
URTI diagnosis and treatment
- runny nose, sore throat, fatigue, low grade fever and cough
- course 4-10 days
- symptom management is fluids, pain control and rest
What is the neck check
- test used to see if an athlete can continue to train/ compete
- symptoms above the neck; nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat-> they can play but proceed cautiously
- symptoms below the neck; vomitting, diarrhea, fever, myalgia, stop activity and rest
- more severe bacterial infection; athlete should after illness and be on antibiotics for any least 24 hours before RTS
Infectious mononucleosis (mono)
- common 95% of adults exposed to
- viral illness of lymphoreticular system (Epstein- Barr virus)
- spread through saliva ( kissing disease)
- 30-50 day incubation period
- athletes same risk then non athletes
Mono diagnosis
- clinical findings
- lab data
Mono treatment
- rest, eat, healthy, fluids, Tylenol and Advil no antivirals
Complications with mono
- spleen enlargement occur in over 50% of cases
- splenic rupture occur in 0.1- 0.2% of those with mono
- great concern in those that are athletes participating in sport
The return to sport with mono
- recovery 4-6 weeks from diagnosis ( can take over 12 weeks)
- when a febrile, fatigue resolved and 3 weeks from onset on symptoms you can return to light no contact activity
- when there is no worsening of symptoms you can make progress to more strenuous activity
- RTS should be individualized it’s different for everyone
Influenza
- not common cold
- A or B virus
- highly contagious
- winter season
Influenza symptoms and complications
- day 1-3 sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, dry cough, sore throat
- day 4 fever ,uncle ache decreases, dry throat, cough and chest discomfort more apparent
- day 8 symptoms decreases
Complications; dehydration, pneumonia, bronchitis, death
Influenza treatment
- supportive care, maintain hydration
- Tylenol/ nsaids
- antivirals (tamiflu), within 48 hours of symptoms onset
- isolate athlete for 5 days
- RTS when symptoms resolved
Prevention of respiratory infections among athletes
- wash hands, social distance etc
UTI
- urinary bacteria (ecoli)
- frequent urge to urinate and burning sensation
- risk factors; female, dehydration, intense exercise, friction and poor hygiene
-prevention; stay hydrated, cranberry juice, hygiene, loose clothes - treatment; antibiotics, pain relief and increased fluid intake
Otitis external
-usually bacterial
- itching, redness, pain and hearing loss
- risk factors; chronic moisture, trauma from foreign bodies
- prevention; keep ears dry and don’t damage the skin (scratch inside ear is the main rzn things start)
- treatment; antibiotic/steroid combination drops and pain control
Skin infections in athletes
- cellulitis
- impetigo
- herpes simplex
- tinea
Cellulitis
- acute spreading infection of dermal and subcutaneous tissue e
- group A streptococcus; staphylococcus aureus
- occurs via bacterial invasion into damaged skin tissue
- pain, redness, swelling, warm tense skin with or without fever
Cellulitis treatment
- skin hygiene
- antibiotics (5-10 days oral)
- severe cases up to 14 days
Impetigo
- superficial skin infection
- staphylococcus or streptococcus
- broken or unbroken skin
- symptoms and signs
Early; tender red papules
Later; non tender vesicles with surrounding redness
Late ; honey coloured fresh
Impetigo treatment and RTS
-skin hygiene
- antibiotics for 7-10 days, topical (mild cases) and oral to be more diffuse
- return your contact sport, 72 hours of antibiotics completed and no new lesions in 72 hours and no moist lesions
Herpes simplex
- common in wrestlers up to 80%
- skin to skin contact
- highly contagious
HSV symptoms
- first mid flu like symptoms-> rash appears 1-2 days later
- burn and tingle
- Lesions last 10-14 days
- reactivation (latent herpes lives in neural ganglia, tingling and burning before appearance of skin lesions, triggered by physical or emotional stress and fever)
HSV treatment and RTS
- pain relief, keep dry
- oral antivirals-> 10 days for initial infection
RTS
- free of systemic symptoms for 72 hours
- no new lesions for 72 hours
- no moist or active lesions
- treated with antivirals
Tinea
- fungal skin infection
- highly contagious
- heat and moisture help fungi grow more common in areas where sweat
Tinea also known as ——- and common types of fungi that cause tinea as well as signs and treatment
Athletes foot
- trichophyton, epidermophyton
- itching, scaling and vesicles
- treatment; topical or oral antifungals for 2-4 weeks
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted parenterally, by sexual intercourse, perinatally, and by mucosal contact with infected blood or bodily secretions.
True or false
True
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is transmitted through contact with blood or blood products, injecting drugs, or needle-stick exposures.
True or false
True
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted via exposure to blood or needle-stick exposure.
True or false
True
Tinea, a superficial cutaneous infection, is transmitted via
direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual
Moderate exercise enhances immune function above that of sedentary individuals, while excessive, intense exercise may impair immune function.
True or false
True
Infectious diseases can affect an athlete’s performance, spread to team members, and lead to
precautions/contraindications related to athletic participation
Prevention Strategies for Skin Infections in Athletes
Wound Care
Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered.
Use antiseptic to prevent infection.
Blister Prevention
Use protective pads and ensure proper footwear fit.
Wear specialized socks and gloves.
Clothing Choices
Opt for moisture-wicking clothes to keep skin dry.
Wear sandals in locker rooms to prevent foot infections.
Hygiene Practices
Shower with antimicrobial soap immediately after activities.
Use personal towels and avoid sharing personal items.
Equipment Cleanliness
Wash clothes, towels, and sports bags after each use.
Disinfect equipment daily as per manufacturer instructions.
Regular Skin Checks
Conduct regular skin checks to detect early signs of infection.
Avoid using harsh items that can damage the skin.
Professional Consultation
Consult a dermatologist for noticeable skin issues.
Prompt treatment can prevent worsening of conditions.
