hot And Cold

Question 1

What are the four mechanisms of heat loss?

Answer 1

Radiation, convection, conduction, and evaporation

Question 2

2. Question: Describe how radiation works as a method of heat loss.

Answer 2

Answer: This refers to heat loss through infrared rays. No medium is required for this method of heat transfer.

Question 3

3. Question: What is convection?

Answer 3

Answer: Convection is heat loss through the movement of air or water molecules across the skin. For example, a fan can promote heat loss through convection.

Question 4

Question: How does conduction work to cool the body down?

Answer 4

Answer: Conduction is heat loss via direct contact with a cooler surface. For example, sitting on a cold metal bench would cause the body to lose heat via conduction.

Question 5

. Question: Explain how the body can lose heat through evaporation.

Answer 5

Answer: Evaporation involves the conversion of water (sweat) to a gas, which results in heat loss. This is the primary method of heat loss during exercise.

Question 6

What are some mild forms of heat illness?

Answer 6

Heat edema, heat rash, heat syncope, and heat cramps are considered mild forms of heat illness.

Question 7

What are the symptoms of heat edema?

Answer 7

Heat edema occurs when the body tries to cool itself down through peripheral vasodilation. This causes fluid to pool in the extremities, leading to soft tissue swelling in the hands and feet.

Question 8

How is heat edema treated?

Answer 8

• Elevating the hands/feet
  
  • Using compressive stockings
  • Hydration and salt intake
    It is important to avoid diuretics. Heat edema will typically resolve within 7-14 days.

Question 9

What is heat rash?

Answer 9

Heat rash, also called sweat rash, miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, occurs when sweat glands get clogged, causing sweat to leak into the epidermis or dermis. It results in a blister-like rash.

Question 10

What are some treatment options for heat rash?

Answer 10

• Cool the skin and prevent sweating
  
  • Wear loose and light clothing
  • Shower in cool water and let the skin air dry
  • Use a mild anti-inflammatory lotion
    Heat rash will usually clear up within a few weeks.

Question 11

What is heat syncope and what causes it?

Answer 11

Heat syncope involves fainting due to orthostatic hypotension, which is caused by peripheral vasodilation and venous pooling.

Question 12

How should heat syncope be treated?

Answer 12

• Have the person lie down in a supine position in a cool location
  
  • Elevate the legs
  • Hydrate
  • Check for injuries
  • Evaluate the cardiovascular and central nervous systems for serious causes of syncope

Question 13

What causes heat cramps?

Answer 13

The exact cause of heat cramps is unknown, but it is thought to be related to electrolyte depletion or sodium loss.

Question 14

What is the best way to treat heat cramps?

Answer 14

• Removal from activity
  
  • Hydration (e.g., sport drinks)
  • Light stretching or massage
  • Cooling with ice
    If the cramps do not subside within an hour, seek medical help.

Question 15

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?

Answer 15

• Elevated core temperature between 37°C–40°C
  
  • Malaise, fatigue, dizziness, heavy sweating, headache, vomiting, weakness, cold or clammy skin
  • Normal mental and neurological status
  • Possible tachycardia or hypotension

Question 16

How can you prevent heat exhaustion from progressing to heat stroke?

Answer 16

To prevent heat exhaustion from progressing to heat stroke, it is important to check the person’s core temperature using a rectal thermometer.

Question 17

How should heat exhaustion be treated?

Answer 17

• Removing the person from the heat
  
  • Having them lie down in a supine position with their legs elevated
  • Cooling the body down
  • Hydrating with cool fluids, such as sport drinks
  • Monitoring core temperature
    If the person does not feel better within one hour, seek medical help.

Question 18

What is the defining symptom of heat stroke?

Answer 18

Heat stroke is defined by an elevated core temperature of 40°C or greater.

Question 19

Other than a high core temperature, what are some other signs and symptoms of heat stroke?

Answer 19

Heat stroke may involve central nervous system disturbances such as:
* Irritability
* Ataxia
* Confusion
* Coma
* Seizures

Question 20

What are the two types of heat stroke?

Answer 20

Classic heat stroke is caused by environmental heat waves while exertional heat stroke is caused by intrinsic heat production.

Question 21

What is the most important step in treating heat stroke?

Answer 21

Answer: When treating heat stroke, the most important step is to reduce heat as quickly as possible. The goal is to lower the person’s core body temperature to less than 38.9°C within 30 minutes.

Question 22

What is the best method for cooling someone down who has heat stroke?

Answer 22

Answer: Cold water immersion (CWI) is the best method for cooling someone down who has heat stroke. Ideally, the water should be between 1.7°C–15°C. It is important to monitor the person’s core body temperature every 3-5 minutes during cooling and remove them from the water when their temperature reaches 38.9°C to prevent overcooling.

Question 23

. Question: What are some complications that may arise from heat stroke?

Answer 23

Answer: Potential complications of heat stroke include:
* Seizure
* Hypotension
* Arrhythmias
* Damage of vital organs
* Rhabdomyolysis

Question 24

. Question: What is WBGT and what factors does it consider?

Answer 24

Answer: WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) measures heat stress in direct sunlight. It takes into account the following factors: temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle, and cloud cover.

Question 25

Question: What is hypothermia and how does it develop?

Answer 25

Answer: Hypothermia is defined by a core body temperature below 35°C (95 °F). It develops when heat loss exceeds heat production.

Question 26

Question: What are some signs and symptoms of mild hypothermia?

Answer 26

Answer: Signs and symptoms of mild hypothermia (35-37°C) include:
* Feeling cold
* Shivering
* Incoordination
* Apathy

Question 27

. Question: How do the signs and symptoms of moderate hypothermia differ from those of mild hypothermia?

Answer 27

Answer: With moderate hypothermia (32-34°C), the shivering may stop. Other signs and symptoms include:
* Confusion or sleepiness
* Slurred speech
* Decreased physiologic functioning
* Possible cardiac arrhythmias
* Changes of behavior or appearance

Question 28

. Question: What are the hallmarks of severe hypothermia?

Answer 28

Answer: Severe hypothermia (<32°C) involves major metabolic & physiologic abnormalities. Asystole (cardiac arrest) may occur when the body temperature reaches 18 °C.

Question 29

5. Question: How should hypothermia be treated?

Answer 29

Answer: The primary treatment for hypothermia is passive core rewarming. To do this:
* Move the person to a warm, dry place
* Remove any wet clothing
* Cover them with dry blankets
* Give them warm fluids
* Apply heat to the trunk, axilla, and groin (Do not apply heat to the extremities!)
Be sure to monitor the person closely.

Question 30

6. Question: What are the two types of frostbite?

Answer 30

Answer: The two types of frostbite are superficial frostbite and deep frostbite.

Question 31

. Question: What steps should be taken to treat frostbite?

Answer 31

Answer: Treatment for frostbite includes:
* Rewarming with warm water immersion (39–42°C)
* Pain medication
* Antibiotics
It’s also important to check for other injuries and conditions, such as hypothermia.

Question 32

1. Question: What are some risk factors for heat illness?

Answer 32

Answer: Some risk factors for heat illness include:
* High temperatures and humidity
* Strenuous activity
* Dehydration
* Certain medications
* Age
* Obesity

Question 33

Question: How can heat illness be prevented?

Answer 33

Answer: Here are some strategies for preventing heat illness:
* Education
* Screening
* Monitoring those at high risk
* Avoiding exercise when sick
* Carefully observing athletes returning to sport after a febrile illness
* Checking weather conditions
* Scheduling outdoor activities during cooler parts of the day
* Wearing sunscreen
* Ensuring adequate sleep, diet, and hydration
* Having an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) that includes appropriate medical care, a first aid kit, and onsite facilities
* Ensuring proper acclimatization
* Promoting responsibility of event organizations

Question 34

3. Question: What are some risk factors for cold injuries?

Answer 34

Answer: Risk factors for cold injury can be divided into external factors and internal factors:
External Risk Factors:
* Cold weather
* Rain and wind
* Wet clothing
Internal Risk Factors:
* Previous cold injury
* Body size and composition
* Sex
* Medical conditions

Question 35

What can be done to prevent cold injuries?

Answer 35

Answer: To prevent cold injuries:
* Screen individuals for risk factors
* Educate individuals about cold injuries
* Ensure adequate hydration and nutrition
* Monitor environmental conditions
* Wear proper clothing
* Create a safe training/competition environment
* Have an EAP in place