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Medical Emergencies I > Infectious disease > Flashcards

Infectious disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Any illness caused by a specific microorganism.

A

Infectious disease

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2
Q

An infectious disease that can be passed from person to person.

A

Communicable disease

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3
Q

Person that serves as a liaison between agency and community health agencies involved in monitoring and responding to communicable diseases.

A

Designated Infection Control Officer (DICO)

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4
Q

Signed into law in 1990 that required emergency responders to be notified if they have been exposed to infectious disease.

A

Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency Act

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5
Q

Cleaning that destroys all forms of microbial life.

A

Sterilization

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6
Q

Cleaning that destroys all forms of microbial life except high numbers of bacterial spores.

A

High-level disinfection

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7
Q

Cleaning that destroys M tuberculosis, most viruses, vegetative bacteria, and most fungi, but not bacterial spore.

A

Intermediate-level disinfection

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8
Q

Cleaning that destroys some viruses, most bacteria, and some fungi, but not M tuberculosis or bacterial spores.

A

Low-level disinfection

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9
Q

Cleaning that cleans soiled surfaces in the environment, such as floors, ambulance seats, and countertops.

A

Environmental disinfection

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10
Q

Produces antibodies.

A

B cells

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11
Q

Group of proteins that coat bacteria and help to kill them directly.

A

Complement system

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12
Q

Works with the lymphatic system to dispose of the debris left in the wake of the immune system’s attack on invading organisms.

A

Reticuloendothelial system

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13
Q

Degree of the pathogenicity of the infectious agent.

A

Virulence

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14
Q

Immune status of the host.

A

Resistance

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15
Q

Human or animal that is exposed to the infectious agent.

A

Host

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16
Q

Organism that can cause disease in the human host.

A

Pathogen

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17
Q

What is more difficult to eradicate because they reside in cells for most of their life cycle and become intricately enmeshed in the host cell’s DNA.

A

Viruses

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18
Q

The method by which a pathogenic agent leaves one host to invade another.

A

Portal of exit

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19
Q

The route between portal of exit and portal of entry.

A

Mode of transmission

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20
Q

Means by which the pathogenic agent enters a new host.

A

Portal of entry

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21
Q

Influenced by a person’s immune response. (How well they will allow a pathogen to infect them)

A

Host susceptibility

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22
Q

Skin and mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, and GU tracts.

A

External barriers

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23
Q

Agents that could produce disease if allowed access to the interior of the body.

A

Indigenous flora

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24
Q

What two ways does intact skin defend the body against infection?

A

Prevents penetration of the pathogens
Maintains an acidic pH level

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25
Q

Protect the body against microorganisms when the external lines of defense cannot.

A

Internal barriers

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26
Q

Local reaction to cellular injury.

A

Inflammation

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27
Q

Three stages of inflammatory response.

A

Cellular response to injury
Vascular response to injury
Phagocytosis

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28
Q

Increased blood flow to the area.

A

Hyperemia

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29
Q

Chemicals that attract more leukocytes to the area.

A

Chemotactic factors

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30
Q

Stages of infectious disease.

A

Latent period
Incubation period
Communicability period
Disease period

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31
Q

Period in which the pathogen invades the body but cannot be passed or shed to someone else.

A

Latent period

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32
Q

Interval between exposure to the pathogen and the first onset of symptoms.

A

Incubation period

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33
Q

Lasts as long as the agent is present and can be spread to other hosts.

A

Communicability period

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34
Q

Follows the incubation period; the period in which the disease is attacking the body.

A

Disease period

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35
Q

Present in blood and serum-derived body fluids of people infected with the virus. Passed through anal or vaginal intercourse.

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

36
Q

Cell-receptors located on the surface of T cells sought by HIV.

A

CD4 T-cells

37
Q

Infections that develop as the immune system deteriorates.

A

Opportunistic infections

38
Q

Stage of HIV infection that generally occurs 2-4 weeks after exposure. Transient decrease in CD4 T-cell count.

A

Stage 1: Acute HIV infection

39
Q

Stage of HIV infection that pt may not have symptoms because virus is still reproducing slowly.

A

Stage 2: Clinical latency

40
Q

Stage of HIV infection in which pt develops symptoms and have a CD4 T-cell count of less than 200/mcL or the presence of an opportunistic infection.

A

Stage 3: AIDS

41
Q

Risk of HIV transmission with a needle stick.

A

0.04% - 5%

42
Q

Inflammation of the liver that can have many causes including infection, drugs, and alcohol.

A

Hepatitis

43
Q

Vaccine preventable infection of the liver by ingesting contaminated food or drink or by the fecal-oral route. Does not develop into chronic liver disease.

A

Hep A virus

44
Q

Liver infection caused by infectious blood and in secretions containing serum as well as in secretions derived from serum. Vaccine is available.

A

Hep B virus

45
Q

Liver infection caused by infectious blood and in secretions containing serum as well as in secretions derived from serum. Vaccine is NOT available. Most pts are asymptomatic.

A

Hep C virus

46
Q

Chronic pulmonary disease that is obtained through inhalation of a dried-droplet nucleus containing tubercle bacilli.

A

Tuberculosis

47
Q

TB in which pt has no symptoms, does not feel sick, is not contagious, normal chest radiograph, but needs treatment to prevent flare-up.

A

Latent TB infection

48
Q

TB in which pt has symptoms (bad, productive, bloody cough, weight loss, chills, fever, night sweats), feels sick, is contagious, positive chest radiograph, and needs treatment.

A

Active TB disease

49
Q

How can early detection of TB be found?

A

Skin test

50
Q

Precautions for TB.

A

Airborne

51
Q

Rapidly progressing disease that affects the meninges of the brain and spinal cord and can cause death within hours.

A

Bacterial meningitis

52
Q

Precautions for meningitis.

A

Droplet

53
Q

Caused by N meningitidis; most common cause of bacterial meningitis in teens and youngadults, as wells as the deadliest cause of bacterial meningitis.

A

Meningococcal meningitis

54
Q

Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in newborns secondary to exposure to this pathogen in the birth canal to a positive mother.

A

GBS (group B Streptococcus)

55
Q

Syndrome generally associated with an existing systemic viral disease. Less severe and usually pts recover fully.

A

Viral meningitis

56
Q

Involuntary flexion of the arm, hip, and knee when the neck is passively flexed.

A

Brudzinski sign

57
Q

Loss of the ability in a seated or supine patient to completely extend the knee due to pain when the thigh is flexed on the abdomen.

A

Kernig sign

58
Q

Stiff neck from meningeal irritation.

A

Nuchal rigidity

59
Q

Infection of the endocardium and one or more heart valves.

A

Bacterial endocarditis

60
Q

Acute inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli.

A

Pneumonia

61
Q

Congenital absence or surgical removal of the spleen.

A

Asplenia

62
Q

Rare, sometimes fatal, noncommunicable disease of the CNS caused by infection of a wound with spores of Clostridium tetani.

A

Tetanus

63
Q

Most common symptom of tetanus.

A

Trismus

64
Q

Acute viral infection of the CNS caused by a bite from an infected animal.

A

Rabies

65
Q

What time frame must immunizations be given to almost always prevent development of rabies.

A

Within 2 days

66
Q

Caused by flavivirus.

A

Dengue fever

67
Q

Caused by a mosquito-borne parasite, rather than a virus as with other mosquito-borne illness.

A

Malaria

68
Q

Causes life-threatening diarrhea.

A

Clostridium difficile

69
Q

Group of untreatable and heard-to-treat infections caused by bacteria.

A

CRE

70
Q

STD that can result in discharge and inflammation at the urethra, cervix, pharynx, or rectum.

A

Gonorrhea

71
Q

Mild, febrile, and highly communicable viral disease caused by the rubella virus.
Rash less than 3 days
May develop self-limiting arthritis

A

Rubella (German measles)

72
Q

Acquired when an infected pregnant woman passes the disease to her unborn child.

A

Congenital rubella syndrome

73
Q

Acute, highly communicable viral disease that is caused by the measles virus.
Fever
Conjunctivitis
Cough and bronchitis
Rash over 3 days
Koplik spots

A

Rubeola (Measles)

74
Q

Acute communicable systemic viral disease that causes localized edema of one or more of the salivary glands.

A

Mumps

75
Q

Common childhood disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Highly communicable; characterized by sudden low-grade fever, skin eruption that develops into vesicles that leave a granular scab.

A

Chickenpox

76
Q

Reactivation of the chickenpox in which the virus has remained in the dorsal root ganglia and resurfaced during periods of stress or immunosuppression.

A

Shingles

77
Q

Infectious disease that mainly affects infants and young children. Inflammation of the entire respiratory tract and characterized by “whoop” cough.

A

Pertussis

78
Q

Very common respiratory illness that infects the lower respiratory tract and can cause serious illness in infants younger than 1 year old.

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

79
Q

Infection of the upper airway in young children. Low-grade fever, rhinorrhea, and “seal-like” cough.

A

Croup

80
Q

Infection of the epiglottis that most often occurs in children less than 5 years old. High fever, sore throat, respiratory distress, and drooling.

A

Epiglottitis

81
Q

Respiratory infection that is spread by sneezing or coughing the virus- infected droplets. Virus mutates rapidly and new vaccine every year.

A

Influenza

82
Q

Viral respiratory illness caused by coronavirus.

A

SARS

83
Q

Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and is spread via the oropharyngeal route.

A

Mononucleosis

84
Q

Disease that can be passed from person to person through sexual activity.

A

STD

85
Q

Systemic disease that can have serious long-term complications. Primary stage (10-90 days) has chancres. Secondary stage (2-10 weeks) develops rash on the palms and soles.

A

Syphilis

86
Q

Spinal column degeneration characterized by a wide gait and ataxia.

A

Tabes dorsalis

87
Q

STD caused by bacteria and is spread by contact with fluids and pus from infected mucous membranes.

A

Gonorrhea

Medical Emergencies I (7 decks)

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