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Medical Emergencies I > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body against “attacks” by foreign substances.

A

Immune system

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2
Q

Organs of the immune system.

A

Spleen
Tonsils
Adenoids
Lymph nodes
Thymus

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3
Q

Fundamental cellular unit of the immune system.

A

Lymphocyte

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4
Q

Proteins that act as magic bullets by seeking out specific invaders.

A

Antibodies

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5
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Antibodies

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6
Q

Have marker molecules that mark them as foreign.

A

Antigens

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7
Q

The form of immunity that responds to antigens, such as bacteria and foreign tissue.

A

Humoral immunity

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8
Q

The work of T cells that activates lymphocytes that attack and destroy foreign material.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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9
Q

Cells that attack the invading organism with chemicals.

A

Killer T cells

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10
Q

Cells that encourage B cells to produce antibodies.

A

Helper T cells

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11
Q

Cells that help regulate the immune response to protect the body from its own defense.

A

Suppressor T cells

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12
Q

Some of the activated B cells and T cells. Ensure that next time the antigens are present, there is a specific, rapid response.

A

Memory cells

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13
Q

The memory that memory cells produce.

A

Immunologic memory

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14
Q

Innate or non-specific immunity that exists naturally.

A

Natural immunity

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15
Q

Adaptive immunity that develops after exposure to specific antigens.

A

Acquired immunity

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16
Q

Antigens or substances that cause an allergic response.

A

Allergens

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17
Q

Immunity obtained by immunization.

A

Active acquired immunity

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18
Q

Immunity obtained by antibody transfer.

A

Passive acquired immunity

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19
Q

Immunity obtained by infection.

A

Active natural immunity

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20
Q

Immunity obtained by maternal measures.

A

Passive natural immunity

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21
Q

Marked by an increased physiologic response to an antigen after a previous exposure to the same antigen.

A

Sensitization

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22
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction.

A

Allergic reaction

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23
Q

Cells that contain granules that are rich in histamine and heparin.

A

Mast cells

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24
Q

Cells that promote inflammation through the release of chemical mediators.

A

Basophils

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25
Q

Type I allergic reaction.

A

Immediate (within minutes)

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26
Q

Type II allergic reaction.

A

Cytotoxic (minutes to hours)

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27
Q

Type III allergic reaction.

A

Immune complex (3-8 hours)

28
Q

Type IV allergic reaction.

A

Delayed (48-72 hours)

29
Q

Localized allergic reaction symptoms.

A

Conjunctivitis
Rhinitis
Angioedema
Urticaria
Pruritus

30
Q

Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eyes.

A

Conjunctivitis

31
Q

Runny nose.

A

Rhinitis

32
Q

Localized swelling.

A

Angioedema

33
Q

Hives.

A

Urticaria

34
Q

Itching.

A

Pruritus

35
Q

An immediate, systemic, life-threatening allergic reaction that is associated with major changes in the CV, resp, GI, and cutaneous system.

A

Anaphylaxis

36
Q

Release of internal substances of a cell.

A

Degranulation

37
Q

An allergic reaction that is not mediated by an antigen0antibody reaction.

A

Anaphylactoid reaction

38
Q

Protein released by mast cells and basophils. Promotes vascular permeability and causes dilation of capillaries and venules and contraction of smooth muscle in GI and bronchial tree.

A

Histamine

39
Q

The most potent of the bronchoconstrictors, cause wheezing, coronary vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.

A

Leukotrienes

40
Q

A group of active substances, including histamine and leukotrienes, that are released during an anaphylactic reaction.

A

Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis

41
Q

White blood cells that are thought to contain an enzyme that can release leukotrienes.

A

Eosinophils

42
Q

Redness

A

Erythema

43
Q

What is the definitive treatment for anaphylaxis?

A

Drug therapy

44
Q

Time frame for S/Sx of anaphylaxis.

A

5-30 min

45
Q

Re-reaction after initial anaphylactic reaction.

A

Biphasic reaction

46
Q

Only drug that can reverse the life-threatening complications of anaphylaxis immediately.

A

Epinephrine

47
Q

Connective tissue disease.

A

Collagen vascular disease

48
Q

Immune system that is directed against its own body tissue.

A

Autoimmune disease

49
Q

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects many systems of the body. Characterized by severe vasculitis, renal involvement, and lesions of the skin and nervous system.

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

50
Q

Common symptoms of SLE.

A

Extreme fatigue
Painful or swollen joints
Unexplained fever
Skin rashes

51
Q

“Hard skin” disease that is thought to occur when immune system stimulates certain cells to increase their production of collagen.

A

Scleroderma

52
Q

Local patches of hardened skin.

A

Morphea

53
Q

Single line or band of thickened, discolored skin.

A

Linear scleroderma

54
Q

Skin thickening that is generally limited to the fingers, forearms, legs, face, and neck.

A

Limited systemic sclerosis

55
Q

Skin thickening that may occur anywhere on the body, including the trunk.

A

Diffuse systemic sclerosis

56
Q

Phenomenon then cold temperatures or emotional distress can cause the arteries feeding the hands or feet to constrict.

A

Raynaud phenomenon

57
Q

Common complications in patients that have undergone organ transplantation are related to what?

A

Immunosuppression (infection, rejection, and drug toxicity)

58
Q

Most common life-threatening complication of long-term immunosuppressive therapy in patients who have received an organ transplant.

A

Infection

59
Q

Low concentration of neutrophils

A

Neutropenia

60
Q

Infection that occurs in 44%-84% of patients that have received a kidney, heart, or liver transplant.

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

61
Q

Virus that causes chickenpox.

A

Varicella zoster virus (VZV)

62
Q

Virus that causes mononucleosis.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

63
Q

Transplant by genetically unrelated people.

A

Allografting

64
Q

Transplant by genetically related people.

A

Isografting

65
Q

Complement-mediated response in transplant recipients with preexisting antibodies to the donor.

A

Hyperacute rejection

66
Q

Rejection that begins 1 week after transplantation.

A

Acute rejection

67
Q

Transplant rejection due to poorly understood chronic inflammation and immune response against the transplanted tissue.

A

Chronic rejection

Medical Emergencies I (7 decks)

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