Endocrinology Flashcards
Synthesized by endocrine cells from cholesterol; include cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
Steroid hormones
Synthesized chiefly from amino acids; include insulin, and parathyroid hormone.
Nonsteroid hormones
Gland that is in the lower middle of the brain that communicates with both nervous and endocrine cells. Malfunctions cause early puberty, thyroid diseases and diabetes.
Hypothalamus gland
Gland that is below the hypothalamus, behind the sinus cavity.
Pituitary gland
Gland that is butterfly shaped and lies flat against the trachea.
Thyroid gland
Four tiny glands located behind the thyroid.
Parathyroid gland
Glands that sit on top of the kidneys.
Adrenal glands
Large gourd-shaped gland located behind the stomach.
Pancreas
Gland located on the lower side of the brain.
Pineal gland
What type of feedback system are hormones regulated by?
Negative feedback
Systematic disease that results from a dysfunction of the pancreas.
Diabetes mellitus
Organ that is important in the absorption and use of carbs, fats, and protein. Chief regulator of glucose levels in the body.
Pancreas
Secrete substances through a duct onto the inner surface of an organ or the outer surface of the body.
Exocrine glands
Secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine glands
Cells that produce and secrete insulin.
Beta cells
Cells that produce and secrete glucagon.
Alpha cells
Cells that produce and secrete somatostatin (hormone that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone and TSH and also inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.)
Delta cells
Small protein that is released by the beta cells when blood glucose levels rise.
Insulin
Protein that is released by the alpha cells when blood glucose levels fall.
Glucagon
The process of releasing stored glycogen in the liver.
Glycogenolysis
The formation of glucose from the breakdown of fats and fatty acids.
Gluconeogenesis
Polypeptide hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Acts as an insulin antagonist.
Growth hormone
Three main organic components of food.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
What type of means are used to control the secretion of insulin?
Chemical
Neural
Hormonal
By-product of the breakdown of fatty acids in the liver.
Acetate
Hormone that promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen and stimulates the production of glucose.
Glucagon
What stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to secrete epinephrine?
Low serum glucose levels
Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the US.
FACT
Disorder marked by an abnormal increase in urine output, fluid intake, and often thirst.
Diabetes insipidus
Elevated blood glucose levels.
Hyperglycemia
Characterized by inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas. Results from a genetic abnormality that causes the body to destroy its own insulin producing cells.
Type 1 diabetes
Characterized by diminished tissue sensitivity to insulin. Obesity predisposes a person to this because larger amounts of insulin are needed for metabolic control.
Type 2 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome (at risk of developing T2D and Cardiovascular disease) is three of the following (5 total)
Waist measure of 40/men 35/women
Triglyceride level of 150 or greater
High-density lipoprotein lower than 40/men 50/women
BP greater 130/85
Fasting blood glucose level of more than 100
Diabetes that develops in some women late in pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Diabetes is the leading cause of ______ in adults.
Blindness
Treatments of diabetes.
Drug therapy
Dietary regulation
Exercise
What route is insulin typically administered?
Injection. Not oral because it is a protein that would be broken down during the process of digestion.
Types of insulin.
Rapid-acting
Regular (short-acting)
Intermediate-acting
Long-acting
What three life-threatening conditions may result from diabetes?
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia (DKA)
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
Syndrome related to blood glucose levels less than 70.
Hypoglycemia
What should be suspected in any patient with diabetes that shows behavioral changes, confusion, abnormal neurologic signs, or unconsciousness?
Hypoglycemia
Results from an absence of or resistance to insulin.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
A condition of acute diabetic decomposition. Developed from sustained hyperglycemia that produces a hyperosmolar state.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome
Common disorders of the thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
An insufficiency of thyroid hormones in the blood. May result in myxedema
Hypothyroidism
What two types of tissues is the thyroid gland composed of?
Follicular and parafollicular cells
What hormone plays a key role in controlling body metabolism?
Thyroid hormone
Mild form of hyperthyroidism that is fairly common and develops overtime.
Thyrotoxicosis
Acute, life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism that may occur spontaneously.
Symptoms: Tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hyperthermia, restlessness, agitation, delirium, coma.
Thyroid storm
Type of excessive thyroid activity characterized by generalized enlargement of the thyroid which leads to a swollen neck and protruding eyes.
Graves disease
Condition that results from hypothyroidism. Causes facial puffiness.
Myxedema
Disorders of the adrenal glands.
Cushing syndrome
Addison disease
Rare condition caused by abnormally high circulating level of corticosteroid hormones. Face appears moon-shaped, hump on back of neck.
Cushing syndrome
Rare, sometimes life-threatening disorder caused by deficiency of the corticosteroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone.
Addison disease.
