Endocrinology

Question 1

Synthesized by endocrine cells from cholesterol; include cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

Answer 1

Steroid hormones

Question 2

Synthesized chiefly from amino acids; include insulin, and parathyroid hormone.

Answer 2

Nonsteroid hormones

Question 3

Gland that is in the lower middle of the brain that communicates with both nervous and endocrine cells. Malfunctions cause early puberty, thyroid diseases and diabetes.

Answer 3

Hypothalamus gland

Question 4

Gland that is below the hypothalamus, behind the sinus cavity.

Answer 4

Pituitary gland

Question 5

Gland that is butterfly shaped and lies flat against the trachea.

Answer 5

Thyroid gland

Question 6

Four tiny glands located behind the thyroid.

Answer 6

Parathyroid gland

Question 7

Glands that sit on top of the kidneys.

Answer 7

Adrenal glands

Question 8

Large gourd-shaped gland located behind the stomach.

Answer 8

Pancreas

Question 9

Gland located on the lower side of the brain.

Answer 9

Pineal gland

Question 10

What type of feedback system are hormones regulated by?

Answer 10

Negative feedback

Question 11

Systematic disease that results from a dysfunction of the pancreas.

Answer 11

Diabetes mellitus

Question 12

Organ that is important in the absorption and use of carbs, fats, and protein. Chief regulator of glucose levels in the body.

Answer 12

Pancreas

Question 13

Secrete substances through a duct onto the inner surface of an organ or the outer surface of the body.

Answer 13

Exocrine glands

Question 14

Secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream.

Answer 14

Endocrine glands

Question 15

Cells that produce and secrete insulin.

Answer 15

Beta cells

Question 16

Cells that produce and secrete glucagon.

Answer 16

Alpha cells

Question 17

Cells that produce and secrete somatostatin (hormone that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone and TSH and also inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.)

Answer 17

Delta cells

Question 18

Small protein that is released by the beta cells when blood glucose levels rise.

Answer 18

Insulin

Question 19

Protein that is released by the alpha cells when blood glucose levels fall.

Answer 19

Glucagon

Question 20

The process of releasing stored glycogen in the liver.

Answer 20

Glycogenolysis

Question 21

The formation of glucose from the breakdown of fats and fatty acids.

Answer 21

Gluconeogenesis

Question 22

Polypeptide hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Acts as an insulin antagonist.

Answer 22

Growth hormone

Question 23

Three main organic components of food.

Answer 23

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats

Question 24

What type of means are used to control the secretion of insulin?

Answer 24

Chemical
Neural
Hormonal

Question 25

By-product of the breakdown of fatty acids in the liver.

Answer 25

Acetate

Question 26

Hormone that promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen and stimulates the production of glucose.

Answer 26

Glucagon

Question 27

What stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to secrete epinephrine?

Answer 27

Low serum glucose levels

Question 28

Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the US.

Answer 28

FACT

Question 29

Disorder marked by an abnormal increase in urine output, fluid intake, and often thirst.

Answer 29

Diabetes insipidus

Question 30

Elevated blood glucose levels.

Answer 30

Hyperglycemia

Question 31

Characterized by inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas. Results from a genetic abnormality that causes the body to destroy its own insulin producing cells.

Answer 31

Type 1 diabetes

Question 32

Characterized by diminished tissue sensitivity to insulin. Obesity predisposes a person to this because larger amounts of insulin are needed for metabolic control.

Answer 32

Type 2 diabetes

Question 33

Metabolic syndrome (at risk of developing T2D and Cardiovascular disease) is three of the following (5 total)

Answer 33

Waist measure of 40/men 35/women Triglyceride level of 150 or greater High-density lipoprotein lower than 40/men 50/women BP greater 130/85 Fasting blood glucose level of more than 100

Question 34

Diabetes that develops in some women late in pregnancy.

Answer 34

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Question 35

Diabetes is the leading cause of ______ in adults.

Answer 35

Blindness

Question 36

Treatments of diabetes.

Answer 36

Drug therapy Dietary regulation Exercise

Question 37

What route is insulin typically administered?

Answer 37

Injection. Not oral because it is a protein that would be broken down during the process of digestion.

Question 38

Types of insulin.

Answer 38

Rapid-acting Regular (short-acting) Intermediate-acting Long-acting

Question 39

What three life-threatening conditions may result from diabetes?

Answer 39

Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia (DKA) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)

Question 40

Syndrome related to blood glucose levels less than 70.

Answer 40

Hypoglycemia

Question 41

What should be suspected in any patient with diabetes that shows behavioral changes, confusion, abnormal neurologic signs, or unconsciousness?

Answer 41

Hypoglycemia

Question 42

Results from an absence of or resistance to insulin.

Answer 42

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Question 43

A condition of acute diabetic decomposition. Developed from sustained hyperglycemia that produces a hyperosmolar state.

Answer 43

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

Question 44

Common disorders of the thyroid gland.

Answer 44

Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Question 45

An insufficiency of thyroid hormones in the blood. May result in myxedema

Answer 45

Hypothyroidism

Question 46

What two types of tissues is the thyroid gland composed of?

Answer 46

Follicular and parafollicular cells

Question 47

What hormone plays a key role in controlling body metabolism?

Answer 47

Thyroid hormone

Question 48

Mild form of hyperthyroidism that is fairly common and develops overtime.

Answer 48

Thyrotoxicosis

Question 49

Acute, life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism that may occur spontaneously. Symptoms: Tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hyperthermia, restlessness, agitation, delirium, coma.

Answer 49

Thyroid storm

Question 50

Type of excessive thyroid activity characterized by generalized enlargement of the thyroid which leads to a swollen neck and protruding eyes.

Answer 50

Graves disease

Question 51

Condition that results from hypothyroidism. Causes facial puffiness.

Answer 51

Myxedema

Question 52

Disorders of the adrenal glands.

Answer 52

Cushing syndrome Addison disease

Question 53

Rare condition caused by abnormally high circulating level of corticosteroid hormones. Face appears moon-shaped, hump on back of neck.

Answer 53

Cushing syndrome

Question 54

Rare, sometimes life-threatening disorder caused by deficiency of the corticosteroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone.

Answer 54

Addison disease.