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Medical Emergencies I > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Synthesized by endocrine cells from cholesterol; include cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

A

Steroid hormones

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2
Q

Synthesized chiefly from amino acids; include insulin, and parathyroid hormone.

A

Nonsteroid hormones

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3
Q

Gland that is in the lower middle of the brain that communicates with both nervous and endocrine cells. Malfunctions cause early puberty, thyroid diseases and diabetes.

A

Hypothalamus gland

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4
Q

Gland that is below the hypothalamus, behind the sinus cavity.

A

Pituitary gland

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5
Q

Gland that is butterfly shaped and lies flat against the trachea.

A

Thyroid gland

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6
Q

Four tiny glands located behind the thyroid.

A

Parathyroid gland

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7
Q

Glands that sit on top of the kidneys.

A

Adrenal glands

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8
Q

Large gourd-shaped gland located behind the stomach.

A

Pancreas

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9
Q

Gland located on the lower side of the brain.

A

Pineal gland

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10
Q

What type of feedback system are hormones regulated by?

A

Negative feedback

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11
Q

Systematic disease that results from a dysfunction of the pancreas.

A

Diabetes mellitus

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12
Q

Organ that is important in the absorption and use of carbs, fats, and protein. Chief regulator of glucose levels in the body.

A

Pancreas

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13
Q

Secrete substances through a duct onto the inner surface of an organ or the outer surface of the body.

A

Exocrine glands

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14
Q

Secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine glands

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15
Q

Cells that produce and secrete insulin.

A

Beta cells

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16
Q

Cells that produce and secrete glucagon.

A

Alpha cells

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17
Q

Cells that produce and secrete somatostatin (hormone that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone and TSH and also inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.)

A

Delta cells

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18
Q

Small protein that is released by the beta cells when blood glucose levels rise.

A

Insulin

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19
Q

Protein that is released by the alpha cells when blood glucose levels fall.

A

Glucagon

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20
Q

The process of releasing stored glycogen in the liver.

A

Glycogenolysis

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21
Q

The formation of glucose from the breakdown of fats and fatty acids.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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22
Q

Polypeptide hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Acts as an insulin antagonist.

A

Growth hormone

23
Q

Three main organic components of food.

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats

24
Q

What type of means are used to control the secretion of insulin?

A

Chemical
Neural
Hormonal

25
Q

By-product of the breakdown of fatty acids in the liver.

A

Acetate

26
Q

Hormone that promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen and stimulates the production of glucose.

A

Glucagon

27
Q

What stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to secrete epinephrine?

A

Low serum glucose levels

28
Q

Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the US.

A

FACT

29
Q

Disorder marked by an abnormal increase in urine output, fluid intake, and often thirst.

A

Diabetes insipidus

30
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels.

A

Hyperglycemia

31
Q

Characterized by inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas. Results from a genetic abnormality that causes the body to destroy its own insulin producing cells.

A

Type 1 diabetes

32
Q

Characterized by diminished tissue sensitivity to insulin. Obesity predisposes a person to this because larger amounts of insulin are needed for metabolic control.

A

Type 2 diabetes

33
Q

Metabolic syndrome (at risk of developing T2D and Cardiovascular disease) is three of the following (5 total)

A

Waist measure of 40/men 35/women
Triglyceride level of 150 or greater
High-density lipoprotein lower than 40/men 50/women
BP greater 130/85
Fasting blood glucose level of more than 100

34
Q

Diabetes that develops in some women late in pregnancy.

A

Gestational diabetes mellitus

35
Q

Diabetes is the leading cause of ______ in adults.

A

Blindness

36
Q

Treatments of diabetes.

A

Drug therapy
Dietary regulation
Exercise

37
Q

What route is insulin typically administered?

A

Injection. Not oral because it is a protein that would be broken down during the process of digestion.

38
Q

Types of insulin.

A

Rapid-acting
Regular (short-acting)
Intermediate-acting
Long-acting

39
Q

What three life-threatening conditions may result from diabetes?

A

Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia (DKA)
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)

40
Q

Syndrome related to blood glucose levels less than 70.

A

Hypoglycemia

41
Q

What should be suspected in any patient with diabetes that shows behavioral changes, confusion, abnormal neurologic signs, or unconsciousness?

A

Hypoglycemia

42
Q

Results from an absence of or resistance to insulin.

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

43
Q

A condition of acute diabetic decomposition. Developed from sustained hyperglycemia that produces a hyperosmolar state.

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

44
Q

Common disorders of the thyroid gland.

A

Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism

45
Q

An insufficiency of thyroid hormones in the blood. May result in myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism

46
Q

What two types of tissues is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

Follicular and parafollicular cells

47
Q

What hormone plays a key role in controlling body metabolism?

A

Thyroid hormone

48
Q

Mild form of hyperthyroidism that is fairly common and develops overtime.

A

Thyrotoxicosis

49
Q

Acute, life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism that may occur spontaneously.
Symptoms: Tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hyperthermia, restlessness, agitation, delirium, coma.

A

Thyroid storm

50
Q

Type of excessive thyroid activity characterized by generalized enlargement of the thyroid which leads to a swollen neck and protruding eyes.

A

Graves disease

51
Q

Condition that results from hypothyroidism. Causes facial puffiness.

A

Myxedema

52
Q

Disorders of the adrenal glands.

A

Cushing syndrome
Addison disease

53
Q

Rare condition caused by abnormally high circulating level of corticosteroid hormones. Face appears moon-shaped, hump on back of neck.

A

Cushing syndrome

54
Q

Rare, sometimes life-threatening disorder caused by deficiency of the corticosteroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone.

A

Addison disease.

Medical Emergencies I (7 decks)

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