Hematology Flashcards
Composition of blood.
95% RBC
5% WBC
Chief functions of blood.
- Delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism
- Defense against invading microorganisms and injury
- Maintenance of acid-base balance
Primarily found in membraneous bone such as the vertebrae, pelvis, sternum, and ribs. Produces RBC.
Red bone marrow
Produces some WBCs but is composed mainly of connective tissue and fat.
Yellow bone marrow
Organ that stores large quantities of blood and produces lymphocytes, specifically plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
Spleen
Blood forming organ (in intrauterine life) which plays an important role in the coagulation process.
Liver
Clear portion of the blood. 92% water.
Plasma
Most plentiful protein in the blood.
Albumin
Transport other proteins and provide the body with immunity to disease.
Globulins
Essential for blood clotting.
Fibrinogen
Red colored protein that gives RBC the red color.
Hemoglobin
Lifespan of RBC.
120 days
Specialized WBCs that destroy old RBCs.
Macrophages
Broken down RBC into waste product.
Bilirubin
Destroy foreign substances and clear the bloodstream of debris.
WBC
Make up 5% of total WBC.
Monocytes
Make up 27.5% of WBC.
Lymphocytes
Make up 65% of WBC.
Neutrophils
Make up 2.5% of WBC.
Eosinophils
Basophils
Fraction of the total volume. of blood that consists of RBCs.
Hematocrit
Identifies the different types of leukocytes present in the blood.
Differential count
Small fragments of megakaryocytes that become sticky to form clots.
Platelets
Initial physiologic response to wounding that causes bleeding to cease.
Hemostasis
Stages of hemostasis.
- Vasoconstriction
- Platelet plug
- Coagulation
- Growth of fibrous tissue
Formed in response to rupture or damage of the blood vessel. Stimulates prothrombin to thrombin.
Prothrombin activator
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads.
Thrombin
Substances in the blood that act in sequence to stop bleeding by forming a clot.
Clotting factors
Condition in which the concentration of hemoglobin or erythrocytes in the blood is lower than normal.
Anemia
Two types of anemia.
Iron-deficiency anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Gives hemoglobin ability to bind to oxygen.
Iron
Caused by premature destruction of RBCs in blood.
Hemolytic anemia
Several types of cancers in which an abnormal proliferation of WBCs occur usually in the bone marrow.
Leukemia
Decrease in the number of WBCs.
Leukopenia
Leukemia pts are highly susceptible to what?
Serious infection
Anemia
Bleeding episodes
Cells whose daughter cells may develop into other cell types.
Stem cells
Any neoplastic disorder of the lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoma
All lymphomas are malignant or benign?
Malignant
Characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue found mainly in the lymph nodes and spleen. One of the most curable cancers.
Hodgkin lymphoma
Group of metabolic disturbances that can occur after treatment of cancer.
Tumor lysis syndrome
Increase in the total RBC mass of the blood.
Polycythemia
Rare disorder of the bone marrow that causes increased production of RBCs causing blood to thicken.
Primary polycythemia
Naturally present in people of high altitude or heavy smokers in which there is increased RBC production.
Secondary polycythemia
An abnormal clotting disorder that arises as a complication of severe injury, trauma, pregnancy, or disease.
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)
Medical condition that causes uncontrolled bleeding and that involves the loss of bleeding control mechanisms. Stems from an abnormal gene on the X chromosome.
Hemophilia
Low platelet count.
Thrombocytopenia
Occurs when antibodies attack and destroy the body’s platelets.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)
Life-threatening disease that occurs when small blood clots corm suddenly throughout the body.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP)
Inherited blood disorder that affects African, South American, Caribben in which body produces abnormal type of hemoglobin that has inferior carrying capacity for oxygen.
Sickle cell disease.
When the sickle-shaped RBCs are unable to pass through blood vessels and become lodged, consequently blocking blood flow to various organs.
Sickle-cell crisis
New abnormal consolidation on a chest radiograph accompanied by fever and/or respiratory symptoms in a patient with sickle cell disease.
Acute chest syndrome
Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells that tend to accumulate in the bone marrow.
Multiple myeloma
Specific questions for all patients with hematologic disorders.
Dizziness
Syncope
Difficulty breathing
Heartbeat irregularities
Phase of DIC that is characterized by free thrombin in the blood, fibrin deposits, and aggregation of platelets.
1st phase
Phase of DIC that is characterized by hemorrhage caused by depletion of clotting factors.
2nd phase
