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Biology 🧬 > Infectious Diesease 🤧 > Flashcards

Infectious Diesease 🤧 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are communicable diseases ?

A

Diseases that can be spread from person to person

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2
Q

How are communicable diseases spread?

A

By pathogen such as bacteria or viruses

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3
Q

What are noncommunicable diseases?

A

Diseases that cannot be spread from person to person like coronary heart disease

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4
Q

What is health?

A

The mental and physical well-being of your body

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5
Q

What can it I’ll health be caused by?

A

Communicable and non-communicable diseases

Stress poor diet

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6
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

A communicable disease caused by a pathogen 🦠 

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7
Q

How does the body fight of tuberculosis and how may not be dealt with?

A

Immune system

May have HIV - more likely

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8
Q

What are most of a cervical cancers caused by?

A

HPV

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9
Q

What diseases can be treated by the immune system? how does it occur ?

A

Allergies - asthma Caused by pathogen which is the main system fights off but then leave them with an allergy

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10
Q

Give an example where a physical condition can lead to a mental condition

A

Arthritis makes it hard to move joints which can lead somebody feel very isolated and depressed

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11
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Infectious

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12
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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13
Q

Give examples of pathogens 4)

A

Bacteria
viruses
protist
fungi

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14
Q

What can bacteria cause?

A

Food poisoning

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15
Q

How does bacteria make us really ill?

A

Once the body it reproduces rapidly
Bacteria then releases harmful toxins
Toxins and damage tissue make us feel ill

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16
Q

What can viruses not do and what do they need?

A

Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves And need a host cell to do so

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17
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill?

A

A virus invades a host cell

Virus then reproduces in the host cell

This is very damaging to the cell and causes it to burst which leaves it open and die



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18
Q

What are the three ways pathogens are spread?

A

Spread through the air through coughing spitting and sneezing in water droplets

In the water like cholera drinking it

Direct contact like HIV needles 💉 and sexual contact



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19
Q

How can we reduce the spread of pathogens? 5)

A

Basic hygiene like washing hands before eating

Providing clean water E.g. in the UK the water contains chlorine that kills microbes

Using condoms to reduce HIV

Being isolatedThis prevents the pathogens from spreading to others

Vaccination

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20
Q

What can viruses cannot be killed by?

A

Antibiotics

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever

Red skin rash

Highly infections 

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22
Q

How can water droplets be used to pass on pathogens and viruses?

A

Once the water droplets news from the infected person is taken into the body of the person Virus can start invading cells

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23
Q

What can measles cause?

A

Damage to the brain and breathing 😮‍💨 

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24
Q

How do we prevent the spread of measles?

A

Vaccinations 💉 when young 

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu like. Symptoms


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26
Q

How does HIV make us ill?

A

Attacks our cells in the patient’s immune system

This causes the patient’s immune system to be damaged and so badly damaged they can’t fight of any other infections

Unable to fight of cancer cells

Leads to TB and AIDS



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27
Q

How can HIV be treated?

A

Antiretroviral drugs- Stops virus from multiplying and does not damage the patient’s immune system

Stops development of AIDS. And lead a normal life expectancy

Does not cure but has to take drugs for the rest of their life

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28
Q

How is HIV passed?

A

Through blood

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29
Q

How can bacteria be killed?

A

From antibiotics that release antitoxins

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30
Q

What type of disease is salmonella and gonorrhoea?

A

Communicable

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31
Q

How is bacteria of salmonella spread?

A

Through digesting the infected food

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32
Q

How is salmonella created?

A

Unhygienic food practices like cutting an apple on the cooking board used to cut uncooked chicken

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33
Q

What does the salmonella bacteria. Secrete?

A

Harmful toxins that cause symptoms

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34
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Cramps vomiting and a fever

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35
Q

Where is the salmonella bacteria found?

A

Poultry in chicken

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36
Q

How is salmonella prevented?

A

Vaccination of chickens that controls the spread of the disease

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37
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

Sexually transmitted disease STD

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38
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pick yellow and green discharge form penis of vag

Pain when urinating


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39
Q

How was gonorrhoea treated in the past? Why can’t we do so now?

A

We used to use penicillin but now due to the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria we cannot use it

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40
Q

How can we stop the spread of gonorrhoea?

A

Using condomsCops bacteria from passing from person to person

Regulars testing - kill it before passing it on

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41
Q

What type of disease is malaria? How is it spread?

A

Communicable and it spread by pathogen

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42
Q

What is the malaria pathogen an example of?

A

Protists 

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43
Q

What do people With the malaria experience?

A

Bouts of Fever

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44
Q

Explain the malaria cycle

A

A person is bitten by a mosquito the malaria pathogen passes into the mosquito

then another person Is bitten by a mosquito and the malaria pathogen is passed to them

45
Q

What is a mosquito in malaria?

A

A vector because it carries the pathogen from one person to another

46
Q

How can we stop the spread of malaria?

A

Stop the vector from breeding
Mosquitoes breed in Stillwater so we need to find still water such as ponds and drain them

Can spray areas of the water with an insecticide



47
Q

What are the issues with using insecticide and draining all points to prevent the vector of malaria?

A

It’s virtually impossible to kill all vectors

48
Q

What can humans need to prevent mosquitoes biting them?

A

Using a mosquito net at night Cannot get through the net so they cannot bite anyone sleeping in the bed

Sprayed the bed with insecticides or any mosquitoes that land are killed

49
Q

Give all the four diseases that are spread by pathogens

A

Measles
HIV
malaria
salmonella

50
Q

What are the two defence systems that the body has to fight pathogens?

A

The immune system
The non-specific defence system

51
Q

What is the job for the non-specific defence system?

A

To prevent pathogens from entering the body

52
Q

What does the skin do in the non-specific defence system?

A

Forms of protective layer covering the body

Outline of the skin consists of dead cells which are hard for pathogens to penetrate

Skin produces sebum which can kill bacteria 🦠

When the skin is damaged the skin scabs over

53
Q

How does the nose prevents pathogens from entering the body?

A

Contains mucus and hairs

These catch pathogen before they entered the breathing system



54
Q

How do the lungs prevents pathogens from infecting the body?

A

The trachea And bronchi are covered with tiny has called cilia

Cilia are covered with mucus which trap pathogens and the cilia wafts the mucus upwards into the throat where it swallowed and taken into the stomach

55
Q

How does the stomach protect us from pathogens?

A

The stomach contains of hydrochloric acid Which kills pathogens before they make their way farther through the digestive system

56
Q

What is the main systems two main functions?

A

Destroys pathogens and any toxins they produce by producing antitoxins

The immune system protects us and case for the same pathogens comes back to invade again in the future

57
Q

What is the white blood cells first function? explain phagocytosis

A

White blood cells can ingest and destroy pathogens

The white blood cell detects chemicals released from the pathogen and towards it

It then engulfed the pathogen

Then the white blood cell uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen

58
Q

What is the second way white blood cells can protect us from pathogens?

A

They produce antibodies

Antibodies then stick to the pathogens

This triggers the pathogen is to be destroyed

59
Q

What are antibodies?

A

antibodies are protein molecules produced by blood cells

60
Q

What are the two key facts about antibodies? Give examples .

A

They are extremely specific

If somebody catches measles the body will develop antibodies against the measle virus

ONLY FOR THAT PATHOGEN AND NOT ANYTHING ELSE

Antibodies remain in the blood for a long time. I need that they can protect us if we get infected by the same pathogen again

61
Q

What are toxins?

A

Chemicals released by pathogens and bacteria that can make us feel unwell

62
Q

what is the third way that white blood cells can protect us?

A

They can produce chemicals called antitoxins

Antitoxin stick to the toxin molecule prevent them from damaging the cell

63
Q

What are the two infectious Plant diseases?

A

tobacco mosaic virus also known as TMV Rose black spot

64
Q

What is TMV? What does it cause the leaf to do?

A

Widespread plant disease normally in tomato plants

Causes it to discolour in a mosaic pattern

65
Q

What does TMV causing discolouration in a Mosaic pattern lead to the plant been unable to do?

A

Photosynthesise meaning that the growth of a plant is reduced

66
Q

What is Rose black spot in plants caused by?

A

Fungus

67
Q

What colour does Rose black spot cause leaves in plants to turn?. What happens after that?

A

Black or purple. The leaves then turn yellow and fall off

This leads to the rate of photosynthesis to full and the rate of growth to decrease

68
Q

How is Rose black spot spread?

A

By wind or water

69
Q

How can we treat Rose black spot 2) ?

A

Spray the plant with chemicals which kill fungi fungicide

or remove the infected leaves and destroy them

70
Q

Explain how vaccination work

A

Vaccinations is where you get injected the dead on active forms of the pathogen into the body

Because the pathogen is that an active cannot lead to the patient getting the disease

White blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies against the dead or inactive pathogens

White blood cell divides By mitosis and produces copies of itself

The copy stay in the bed for decades and remembers the antibodies to produce is the same pathogens where to enter the human body

This leads to the correct white blood cells to produce the correct antibody quickly to prevent the infection



71
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

It’s important for a large number of people to be vaccinated

If one person has it been vaccinated because they are new to the country

and everybody else has been Vaccinated the pathogen cannot be passed on to the unvaccinated person

preventing them from getting ill

72
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kills Infective bacteria without damaging the bodies cells

73
Q

What can antibiotics not kill?

A

Viruses

74
Q

What do painkillers do? What do they not do?

A

Treat a symptom of disease by relieving pain. They don’t kill pathogens or get rid of the disease themselves

75
Q

Why is it difficult for antibiotics to kill viruses?

A

Because it only treat symptoms and it’s difficult to make antibiotics that to kill pathogens without damaging to human body cells

76
Q

How were medicines originally made?

A

They’re made from plants

Foxglove- heart drug digitalis 

77
Q

What drugs can you extract from the Willow tree?

A

Aspirin

78
Q

give an example of drugs have been extracted from micro organisms

A

Penicillin that was found in mould

79
Q

What are the three ways we test for medicines?

A

First we text the toxicity of the drug whether it’s safe for humans

next we check if the drug is effective

Then we test out the best dose for the drug

80
Q

Explain the whole process of drug testing

A

Preclinical testing- Drugs tested on cells tissues and live animals

Then we do clinical testing

when we tested on humans we give a placebo - We don’t tell who got what drug

and we give a drug with a Low does To check that it’s safe for humans Then we increase it until we find the optimal dose

The best is to treat the disease with the fewer side-effects

81
Q

What is preclinical testing tested on? (3)

A

Cells
tissues
live animals

82
Q

Why are drugs not testing on humans in preclinical testing?

A

Drugs could be extremely toxic

83
Q

What is a placebo?

A

It’s a tablet or injection which has no active drug in it

84
Q

I made some patients feel better when they given the placebo tablet? What does this lead to drug tests being?

A

I think that they’re getting better as they believe they’ve been treated

Double blind

85
Q

Explain the double blind test

A

The Test group will receive the active drug

And the placebo group will be given the placebo drug - No active drug in it

Neither does the doctors or patients know what drugs they’re receiving to reduce the bias

86
Q

What are antibodies produced by?

A

White blood cells called lymphocytes

87
Q

What do lymphocytes produce?

A

Antibodies to anything that the body detects as foreign

88
Q

What are foreign cells called?

A

Antigens

89
Q

Explain how we produce monoclonal antibodies using a lab mouse 🐁 

A

Inject the mouse with antigen then lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the antigen

We collect the lymphocytes from the mouseWe join the lymphocytes with the tumour cell to help it divide by mitosis

This produces a hybridoma cells which produces antibodies and divide by mitosis

Then select the hybridoma that’s producing the antibodies we want

We like the hybridoma cells to divide by mitosis forming a clone of identical Hybridoma cells

These are monoclonal antibodies because they all came from the same identical. Hybridoma clone

We now collect it and purify it


90
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

A

Single clones of hybridoma cells

91
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies specific to?

A

One biding site on one protein antigen

92
Q

Why is it good that the monoclonal antibodies are only specific to one binding site and one protein antigen?

A

It means that I can talk at a specific cell or specific chemical

93
Q

What are used in pregnancy tests ?

A

Monoclonal antibodies to detect a specific hormone

94
Q

What is the hormone used to detect pregnancy ?

A

Placenta from a developing fetus

95
Q

What are the uses monoclonal antibodies to measure ? (4)

A

Hormone levels in blood

To detect pathogens in blood - virus

To locate or identify specific molecules in cell or tissue - fluorescent dyes - antibodies get stuck to specific molecules allowing us to see location

Can treat cancer - has uncontrolled mitosis - we can bind antibody with radioactive substance - attracted to cancer cells - stops cancer cells from dividing - delivers without haring any other body cells

96
Q

What is an advantage of using monoclonal antibodies to measure hormones?

A

Specific to what we are looking for

97
Q

what are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies for treating disease?

A

Drug trial - harmful side effects

98
Q

What kind of disease is TMV?

A

Viral

99
Q

What kind of disease is Rose black spot?

A

Fungal

100
Q

What can plants be attracted by ?

A

Insects - aphids

101
Q

What do Aphids do?

A

Extract nutrients like sugars stunting plants growth

102
Q

How can we identify a Sick plant?

A

Discolouration

Spots on leaves

Stunt growth

Decays / rot

Growths

Malformation of leaves or stems

103
Q

How can we identify an illness ? 3)

A

Website - garden manuals

Could take it to lab to identify pathogen

Use monoclonal antibodies in test kit

104
Q

What two things can cause plant illnesses ?

A

Plant ion deficiencies like nitrate ion

Needed for protein synthesis- growth

Lack of magnesium- chlorosis- lack of chlorophyll - can’t photosynthesis and grow

105
Q

What are the 3 type of responses of plant 🪴 defences ?

A

Chemical

Mechanical ⚙️

Physical

106
Q

How do plants defend themselves using physical barriers ? 3)

A

Have a cellulose cell wall - difficult for microorganisms to penetrate

Leave covered with waxy cuticle - difficult for microorganisms to penetrate- protects plants from attack

Bark - barrier for microorganisms to enter - falls off then gets replaced

107
Q

What are the chemical defences of plants? 2)

A

Release antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria preventing the attack on plant 

Release poisons to deter herbivores

108
Q

What are the physical defences of plants 🌱?

A

Sharp thorns - stop getting eaten

Hairs - irritate mouth of herbivores- difficult to eat

Plants curl or droop when touched - scares herbivores away - not used

Mimicary- mistake for dangerous plant

Biology 🧬 (8 decks)

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