Infectious Diesease 🤧 Flashcards
1
Q
What are communicable diseases ?
A
Diseases that can be spread from person to person
2
Q
How are communicable diseases spread?
A
By pathogen such as bacteria or viruses
3
Q
What are noncommunicable diseases?
A
Diseases that cannot be spread from person to person like coronary heart disease
4
Q
What is health?
A
The mental and physical well-being of your body
5
Q
What can it I’ll health be caused by?
A
Communicable and non-communicable diseases
Stress poor diet
6
Q
What is tuberculosis
A
A communicable disease caused by a pathogen 🦠 
7
Q
How does the body fight of tuberculosis and how may not be dealt with?
A
Immune system
May have HIV - more likely
8
Q
What are most of a cervical cancers caused by?
A
HPV
9
Q
What diseases can be treated by the immune system? how does it occur ?
A
Allergies - asthma Caused by pathogen which is the main system fights off but then leave them with an allergy
10
Q
Give an example where a physical condition can lead to a mental condition
A
Arthritis makes it hard to move joints which can lead somebody feel very isolated and depressed
11
Q
What are communicable diseases?
A
Infectious
12
Q
What are pathogens?
A
Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
13
Q
Give examples of pathogens 4)
A
Bacteria
viruses
protist
fungi
14
Q
What can bacteria cause?
A
Food poisoning
15
Q
How does bacteria make us really ill?
A
Once the body it reproduces rapidly
Bacteria then releases harmful toxins
Toxins and damage tissue make us feel ill
16
Q
What can viruses not do and what do they need?
A
Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves And need a host cell to do so
17
Q
How do viruses make us feel ill?
A
A virus invades a host cell
Virus then reproduces in the host cell
This is very damaging to the cell and causes it to burst which leaves it open and die

18
Q
What are the three ways pathogens are spread?
A
Spread through the air through coughing spitting and sneezing in water droplets
In the water like cholera drinking it
Direct contact like HIV needles 💉 and sexual contact

19
Q
How can we reduce the spread of pathogens? 5)
A
Basic hygiene like washing hands before eating
Providing clean water E.g. in the UK the water contains chlorine that kills microbes
Using condoms to reduce HIV
Being isolatedThis prevents the pathogens from spreading to others
Vaccination
20
Q
What can viruses cannot be killed by?
A
Antibiotics
21
Q
What are the symptoms of measles?
A
Fever
Red skin rash
Highly infections 
22
Q
How can water droplets be used to pass on pathogens and viruses?
A
Once the water droplets news from the infected person is taken into the body of the person Virus can start invading cells
23
Q
What can measles cause?
A
Damage to the brain and breathing 😮💨 
24
Q
How do we prevent the spread of measles?
A
Vaccinations 💉 when young 
25
What are the symptoms of HIV?
Flu like. Symptoms

26
How does HIV make us ill?
Attacks our cells in the patient’s immune system
This causes the patient’s immune system to be damaged and so badly damaged they can’t fight of any other infections
Unable to fight of cancer cells
Leads to TB and AIDS

27
How can HIV be treated?
Antiretroviral drugs- Stops virus from multiplying and does not damage the patient’s immune system
Stops development of AIDS. And lead a normal life expectancy
Does not cure but has to take drugs for the rest of their life
28
How is HIV passed?
Through blood
29
How can bacteria be killed?
From antibiotics that release antitoxins
30
What type of disease is salmonella and gonorrhoea?
Communicable
31
How is bacteria of salmonella spread?
Through digesting the infected food
32
How is salmonella created?
Unhygienic food practices like cutting an apple on the cooking board used to cut uncooked chicken
33
What does the salmonella bacteria. Secrete?
Harmful toxins that cause symptoms
34
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
Cramps vomiting and a fever
35
Where is the salmonella bacteria found?
Poultry in chicken
36
How is salmonella prevented?
Vaccination of chickens that controls the spread of the disease
37
What is gonorrhoea?
Sexually transmitted disease STD
38
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Pick yellow and green discharge form penis of vag
Pain when urinating

39
How was gonorrhoea treated in the past? Why can’t we do so now?
We used to use penicillin but now due to the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria we cannot use it
40
How can we stop the spread of gonorrhoea?
Using condomsCops bacteria from passing from person to person
Regulars testing - kill it before passing it on
41
What type of disease is malaria? How is it spread?
Communicable and it spread by pathogen
42
What is the malaria pathogen an example of?
Protists 
43
What do people With the malaria experience?
Bouts of Fever
44
Explain the malaria cycle
A person is bitten by a mosquito the malaria pathogen passes into the mosquito
then another person Is bitten by a mosquito and the malaria pathogen is passed to them
45
What is a mosquito in malaria?
A vector because it carries the pathogen from one person to another
46
How can we stop the spread of malaria?
Stop the vector from breeding
Mosquitoes breed in Stillwater so we need to find still water such as ponds and drain them
Can spray areas of the water with an insecticide

47
What are the issues with using insecticide and draining all points to prevent the vector of malaria?
It’s virtually impossible to kill all vectors
48
What can humans need to prevent mosquitoes biting them?
Using a mosquito net at night Cannot get through the net so they cannot bite anyone sleeping in the bed
Sprayed the bed with insecticides or any mosquitoes that land are killed
49
Give all the four diseases that are spread by pathogens
Measles
HIV
malaria
salmonella
50
What are the two defence systems that the body has to fight pathogens?
The immune system
The non-specific defence system
51
What is the job for the non-specific defence system?
To prevent pathogens from entering the body
52
What does the skin do in the non-specific defence system?
Forms of protective layer covering the body
Outline of the skin consists of dead cells which are hard for pathogens to penetrate

Skin produces sebum which can kill bacteria 🦠
When the skin is damaged the skin scabs over
53
How does the nose prevents pathogens from entering the body?
Contains mucus and hairs
These catch pathogen before they entered the breathing system

54
How do the lungs prevents pathogens from infecting the body?
The trachea And bronchi are covered with tiny has called cilia
Cilia are covered with mucus which trap pathogens and the cilia wafts the mucus upwards into the throat where it swallowed and taken into the stomach
55
How does the stomach protect us from pathogens?
The stomach contains of hydrochloric acid Which kills pathogens before they make their way farther through the digestive system
56
What is the main systems two main functions?
Destroys pathogens and any toxins they produce by producing antitoxins
The immune system protects us and case for the same pathogens comes back to invade again in the future
57
What is the white blood cells first function? explain phagocytosis
White blood cells can ingest and destroy pathogens
The white blood cell detects chemicals released from the pathogen and towards it
It then engulfed the pathogen
Then the white blood cell uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen
58
What is the second way white blood cells can protect us from pathogens?
They produce antibodies
Antibodies then stick to the pathogens
This triggers the pathogen is to be destroyed
59
What are antibodies?
antibodies are protein molecules produced by blood cells
60
What are the two key facts about antibodies? Give examples .
They are extremely specific
If somebody catches measles the body will develop antibodies against the measle virus
ONLY FOR THAT PATHOGEN AND NOT ANYTHING ELSE
Antibodies remain in the blood for a long time. I need that they can protect us if we get infected by the same pathogen again
61
What are toxins?
Chemicals released by pathogens and bacteria that can make us feel unwell
62
what is the third way that white blood cells can protect us?
They can produce chemicals called antitoxins
Antitoxin stick to the toxin molecule prevent them from damaging the cell
63
What are the two infectious Plant diseases?
tobacco mosaic virus also known as TMV Rose black spot
64
What is TMV? What does it cause the leaf to do?
Widespread plant disease normally in tomato plants
Causes it to discolour in a mosaic pattern
65
What does TMV causing discolouration in a Mosaic pattern lead to the plant been unable to do?
Photosynthesise meaning that the growth of a plant is reduced
66
What is Rose black spot in plants caused by?
Fungus
67
What colour does Rose black spot cause leaves in plants to turn?. What happens after that?
Black or purple. The leaves then turn yellow and fall off
This leads to the rate of photosynthesis to full and the rate of growth to decrease
68
How is Rose black spot spread?
By wind or water
69
How can we treat Rose black spot 2) ?
Spray the plant with chemicals which kill fungi fungicide
or remove the infected leaves and destroy them
70
Explain how vaccination work
Vaccinations is where you get injected the dead on active forms of the pathogen into the body
Because the pathogen is that an active cannot lead to the patient getting the disease
White blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies against the dead or inactive pathogens
White blood cell divides By mitosis and produces copies of itself
The copy stay in the bed for decades and remembers the antibodies to produce is the same pathogens where to enter the human body
This leads to the correct white blood cells to produce the correct antibody quickly to prevent the infection

71
What is herd immunity?
It’s important for a large number of people to be vaccinated
If one person has it been vaccinated because they are new to the country
and everybody else has been Vaccinated the pathogen cannot be passed on to the unvaccinated person
preventing them from getting ill
72
What do antibiotics do?
Kills Infective bacteria without damaging the bodies cells
73
What can antibiotics not kill?
Viruses
74
What do painkillers do? What do they not do?
Treat a symptom of disease by relieving pain. They don’t kill pathogens or get rid of the disease themselves
75
Why is it difficult for antibiotics to kill viruses?
Because it only treat symptoms and it’s difficult to make antibiotics that to kill pathogens without damaging to human body cells
76
How were medicines originally made?
They’re made from plants
Foxglove- heart drug digitalis 
77
What drugs can you extract from the Willow tree?
Aspirin
78
give an example of drugs have been extracted from micro organisms
Penicillin that was found in mould
79
What are the three ways we test for medicines?
First we text the toxicity of the drug whether it’s safe for humans
next we check if the drug is effective
Then we test out the best dose for the drug
80
Explain the whole process of drug testing
Preclinical testing- Drugs tested on cells tissues and live animals
Then we do clinical testing
when we tested on humans we give a placebo - We don’t tell who got what drug
and we give a drug with a Low does To check that it’s safe for humans Then we increase it until we find the optimal dose
The best is to treat the disease with the fewer side-effects
81
What is preclinical testing tested on? (3)
Cells
tissues
live animals
82
Why are drugs not testing on humans in preclinical testing?
Drugs could be extremely toxic
83
What is a placebo?
It’s a tablet or injection which has no active drug in it
84
I made some patients feel better when they given the placebo tablet? What does this lead to drug tests being?
I think that they’re getting better as they believe they’ve been treated
Double blind
85
Explain the double blind test
The Test group will receive the active drug
And the placebo group will be given the placebo drug - No active drug in it
Neither does the doctors or patients know what drugs they’re receiving to reduce the bias
86
What are antibodies produced by?
White blood cells called lymphocytes
87
What do lymphocytes produce?
Antibodies to anything that the body detects as foreign
88
What are foreign cells called?
Antigens
89
Explain how we produce monoclonal antibodies using a lab mouse 🐁 
Inject the mouse with antigen then lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the antigen
We collect the lymphocytes from the mouseWe join the lymphocytes with the tumour cell to help it divide by mitosis
This produces a hybridoma cells which produces antibodies and divide by mitosis
Then select the hybridoma that’s producing the antibodies we want
We like the hybridoma cells to divide by mitosis forming a clone of identical Hybridoma cells
These are monoclonal antibodies because they all came from the same identical. Hybridoma clone
We now collect it and purify it

90
What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?
Single clones of hybridoma cells
91
What are monoclonal antibodies specific to?
One biding site on one protein antigen
92
Why is it good that the monoclonal antibodies are only specific to one binding site and one protein antigen?
It means that I can talk at a specific cell or specific chemical
93
What are used in pregnancy tests ?
Monoclonal antibodies to detect a specific hormone
94
What is the hormone used to detect pregnancy ?
Placenta from a developing fetus
95
What are the uses monoclonal antibodies to measure ? (4)
Hormone levels in blood
To detect pathogens in blood - virus
To locate or identify specific molecules in cell or tissue - fluorescent dyes - antibodies get stuck to specific molecules allowing us to see location
Can treat cancer - has uncontrolled mitosis - we can bind antibody with radioactive substance - attracted to cancer cells - stops cancer cells from dividing - delivers without haring any other body cells
96
What is an advantage of using monoclonal antibodies to measure hormones?
Specific to what we are looking for
97
what are the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies for treating disease?
Drug trial - harmful side effects
98
What kind of disease is TMV?
Viral
99
What kind of disease is Rose black spot?
Fungal
100
What can plants be attracted by ?
Insects - aphids
101
What do Aphids do?
Extract nutrients like sugars stunting plants growth
102
How can we identify a Sick plant?
Discolouration
Spots on leaves
Stunt growth
Decays / rot
Growths
Malformation of leaves or stems
103
How can we identify an illness ? 3)
Website - garden manuals
Could take it to lab to identify pathogen
Use monoclonal antibodies in test kit
104
What two things can cause plant illnesses ?
Plant ion deficiencies like nitrate ion
Needed for protein synthesis- growth
Lack of magnesium- chlorosis- lack of chlorophyll - can’t photosynthesis and grow
105
What are the 3 type of responses of plant 🪴 defences ?
Chemical
Mechanical ⚙️
Physical
106
How do plants defend themselves using physical barriers ? 3)
Have a cellulose cell wall - difficult for microorganisms to penetrate
Leave covered with waxy cuticle - difficult for microorganisms to penetrate- protects plants from attack
Bark - barrier for microorganisms to enter - falls off then gets replaced
107
What are the chemical defences of plants? 2)
Release antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria preventing the attack on plant 
Release poisons to deter herbivores
108
What are the physical defences of plants 🌱?
Sharp thorns - stop getting eaten
Hairs - irritate mouth of herbivores- difficult to eat
Plants curl or droop when touched - scares herbivores away - not used
Mimicary- mistake for dangerous plant
