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Biology 🧬 > Bioenergetics 🌿 > Flashcards

Bioenergetics 🌿 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do plants use light for ?

A

Energy

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2
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

When plant traps light and transfers it to energy

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3
Q

What type of chemical reaction is Photosynthesis?

A

ENDOTHERMIC - takes in energy

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place ?

A

The leaves ! - contain chlorophyll- absorbs energy found to the chloroplasts

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5
Q

What is the word and Symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight
Carbon dioxide + water ~> oxygen+glucose
Chlorophyll

6Co2 + 6h2O ~> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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6
Q

What increases the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity- photosynthesis can happen faster - LIMITING- if it’s not fast enough - not enough light 

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7
Q

What kind of factor is light intensity for photosynthesis?

A

LIMITING - not enough photosynthesis? - light

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8
Q

What are the uses of glucose released by photosynthesis?

A

To release energy in respiration. In the mitochondria

Is to produce insoluble storage Made of starch so that plants can photosynthesis at night- Can be converted back into glucose when it’s needed (night)

Converted into fats and oils- Storage form of energy

To make cellulose which is the part but that gives the plant cell strength

To produce amino acids used by the plant to synthesise proteins- Have to absorb nitrate ions from the soil

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9
Q

Explain the photosynthesis practical

A

Get a boiling tube and place it at 10 cm away from my LED source- Doesn’t release too much heat

Put the tube of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution-Releases carbon dioxide which is needed for photosynthesis

Put some pond weed in it with a cut end at the top

Leave it for five minutes to acclimatise to the conditions of the boiling tube

You’ll see bubbles being produced by the content of the pondweed this is oxygen produced by photosynthesis

Start a stopwatch and count the number of bubbles produced per minute

Repeat and calculate the mean number bubbles produced per minute

Do it with a variety of distance away from the LED source like 20 cm to 30 cm



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10
Q

What are the two main problems with the photosynthesis particle?

A

Bubbles can appear too quickly and too fast to count accurately

Bubbles are not always the same size

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11
Q

How do you get around the bubbles issuesIn the photosynthesis practical?

A

We put a funnel on top of the pond weed in a beaker and put a measuring cylinderFilled with water

Then we measured the measuring cylinder to see them out of oxygen gas has been produced volume

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12
Q

What happens if you double the distance of the LED source? What is this called?

A

The number of bubbles per minute falls by four

Inverse - square law

If we double the distance to light intensity Falls by four times
Causing the number of oxygen bubbles to fall four times

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13
Q

What are the four limiting factors?

A

Carbon dioxide
temperature
light intensity
chlorophyll

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14
Q

What is a limiting fActor?

A

Something that limits the rate of photosynthesis

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15
Q

If we increase the carbon dioxide in a graph and it stopped increasing the rate of photosynthesis what does this tell us?

A

That carbon dioxide is no longer the limiting reaction as there’s plenty of it available

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16
Q

How do you Farmers use greenhouses?

A

The add light and heat and add extra carbon dioxide  - use oil burners - Produce heat and carbon dioxide at the same time

17
Q

How was the extra cost of greenhouses justified by farmers?

A

By the increase in yield

18
Q

Why do we need energy?

A

For movement
to keep warm and

for chemical reactions to build larger molecules
like lipid
proteins - Chemically joining amino acids
carbohydrates

19
Q

What chemical reaction takes place to give us energy?

A

Respiration

20
Q

What kind of chemical reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic as it releases energy- Takes place continuously in living cells 

21
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose+ oxygen~> carbon dioxide + water+ energy

22
Q

How much energy does aerobic respiration release? why?

A

A great deal of energy

Because the glucose molecule has been fully oxidised

23
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

When there is a limit of oxygen

24
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> lactic + acid energy

25
Q

How much energy does anaerobic respiration release? why?

A

Much less energy than aerobic respiration Because the oxidation of glucose is incomplete

26
Q

What is the words of Equation for aerobic respiration in yeast and plant cells

A

Glucose -> Carbon dioxide + ethanol +energy

27
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called and what does it produce?. How does this help bread and alcohol production?

A

Fermentation and it produces bread(carbon dioxide makes bubbles in the dough causing it to rise) and alcohol 🍺 (ethanol) 

28
Q

Why do we go through lots of aerobic respiration? While exercising?

A

Because our body is moving a great deal I need a great deal of energy from muscle contraction which is increasing the amount of energy-

body cells require more oxygen- This causes a breathing rate to increase increasing the volume of oxygen-

This gets more oxygen into the bloodstream

Heart rate increases so we put more oxygenated blood around the body

29
Q

What is an issue with exercising so much and needing so much aerobic respiration? What does this cause ?

A

Not enough oxygen can be supplied to the muscles especially for exercising hard- This causes anaerobic respiration to take place in the muscles

This causes a big buildup of lactic acid causing all muscles to become fatigued

This causes muscles to stop contracting efficiency

Nobody has to move attic acid from the muscles causing oxygen debt

30
Q

What is the lactic acid taken to after it’s removed by the body?

A

The liver where it’s converted back to glucose in a series of chemical reactions

Reacting with accumulated lactic acid and removing it from the cells requires oxygen-

Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed after exercise to do with accumulated lactic acid

This is why people are still breathing after they finished exercise

31
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed after exercise to do with accumulated lactic acid

32
Q

What is energy by respiration used by?

A

Used by enzymes to synthesise new molecules in the cell

33
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All of the chemical reactions in a cell or body

34
Q

Explain how glucose mix three things using metabolism

A

Makes cellulose to strengthen the cell wall

starch to store forms of glucose

and uses amino acids that reacts with nitrate ions to synthesise proteins

35
Q

Explain the metabolic reaction of glucose in humans

A

Glucose is converted to glycogen which is a storage form of glucose

36
Q

Explain the metabolic reaction of lipids

A

One glycerol connects to 3 fatty acid which produces a lipid found in the cell membrane

37
Q

Explain the metabolic reaction of proteins in a human

A

Humans don’t need to eat a lot proteins to access proteins are broken down by Urea Which is excreted by the kidneys

Biology 🧬 (8 decks)

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