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Biology 🧬 > Cell Biology 🧫 > Flashcards

Cell Biology 🧫 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of cells ? What do they contain ?

A

Eukaryotes- animal cells / plant cells- contain their genetic material an enclosed nucleus

Prokaryotes- bacterial simple cells - do not enclosed their DNA - found in the form of plasmids / strings much smaller

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2
Q

Label an explain the parts of a Eukaryotic cell. (Animal)

A

Cell membrane- controls what goes in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm- contain enzymes so chemical reactions can be controlled

Ribosome - when proteins are made

Mitochondria- where aerobic respiration takes place so that energy can be created for the cell

Nucleus- when DNA is stored

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3
Q

Label and explain parts of an Plant cell (Eukaryotic)

A

Cell wall- holds cell in place and strengthens it

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Permanent vacuole- contains a weak solutions salts and sugars as cell sap

Chloroplast- where photosynthesis occurs contain chlorophyll- green so absorbs the light needed

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4
Q

Explain and label the parts of a prokaryotic bacterial cell.

A

Single loop of DNA
Plasmids
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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5
Q

How do we get 1 cm to 1 mm?

A

Divide by ten

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6
Q

What does centi mean?

A

100th part (100)

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7
Q

What is 1 Milli of a metre ?

A

1/1000th so you divide by 1000

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8
Q

What is a micrometer?

A

1/1000000th of a meter so you times a meter by 1000000 to get it to micrometers

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9
Q

What’s the symbol of a micrometer?

A

Pm - but no top of p

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10
Q

What value is a nanometer?

A

1/1000000000th of a meter so multiply (1 billion)

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11
Q

What is 1 order of magnitude?

A

10x

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12
Q

How many orders of magnitude are there in 1000x -tip : count the zeros

A

3

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13
Q

A fox is 40cm long and a tick is 0.4 cm how many orders of magnitude is the fox longer than the tick ?

A

Divide by the mag you want /other mag

40/0.4 = 100x

Two orders of magnitude

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14
Q

What are most animal cells ?

A

Specialised - adaptations for specific functions- differentiation

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15
Q

What are the 5 specialises cells?

A
  1. Sperm cells specialised for reproduction
  2. Nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling
  3. Muscle cells specialised for contraction
  4. Root hair cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals
  5. Phloem and Xylem specialised for transportation substance
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16
Q

How are sperm cells specialised for reproduction?

A

Has a long tail and streamlined head helps it to swim to the egg

  • head contains enzymes that help digest through egg membrane and

contains loads of mitochondria to provide the energy needed

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17
Q

How are nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling ?

A

Carry electrical signals
Nerve cells and long and have branched connections at ends to connect with other nerve to form a network throughout the body

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18
Q

How are muscles cells specialised for contraction?

A

Muscle cells are long so they have space to contact quickly
Contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed

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19
Q

How are root cells specialised for absorbing waters and minerals ?

A

Large surface area
And growth hairs

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20
Q

How are the phloem and xylem specialised fro transporting substances?

A

Cells joined end to end
Xylem made up form lignin and dead cells and are hollow
Few subcellular structure so stuff can flow through them properly

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21
Q

What are the parts of a optical microscope?

A

Has a stage where we place the microscope slide
Contains clips to hold slide in place
Below stage - lamp helps see slide clearer
+ mirror used to reflect light thighs slide
Objective lenses - bigger
Eyepiece
Coarse focusing dial
Fine focusing dial

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22
Q

Explain microscope particle

A
  1. Cut epidermal tissue from onion using scalpel
  2. Cover with iodine and place plastic piece on top , make sure there are no air bubbles +use clips to hold it in place

3.set objective lens at lowest power

  1. Turn coarse focusing dial - look at side
  2. When obj lens almost stop touching the slide, we stop touching the dial
  3. Look down at eye piece
  4. Turn coarse focusing dial -> cells come to focus
  5. Use fine focusing dial to bring it to focus
  6. Draw diagram with scales no shadings for accuracy label + use pencil

Class clear plastic ruler over stage to calculate scale

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23
Q

How do we calculate magnification?

A

Image size / actual size

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24
Q

Negatives of light microscopes?

A

Limit magnification
Limit resolution

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25
Q

Advantages of electron microscope

A

Greater magnification + resolution than light microscopes

26
Q

What is the triangle for magnification?

A

A ^I M

27
Q

What do bacteria multiply by?

A

Simple cell division (binary fission)

28
Q

How can bacteria multiply by binary fission each 20 minutes

A

If there are enough nutrients and the temperature is suitable

29
Q

How do we calculate the number of bacterias present in an amount of time ?

A

2^n
N= number of rounds of division

30
Q

A bacterium divides every twenty minutes. Calculate the number of bacteria present after 3 hours

A

3*60=180

180/20=9

2^9 = 512 bacterium present

31
Q

GO TO TOPIC 1 CHEM FOR MICROORGANISMS PRACTICAL

A
32
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Large number of genes

33
Q

What is the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. DNA replicates - two copies of each chromosomes
    Cell growth of subCellular structures
    such as mitochondria and ribosomes
  2. Mitosis takes place sub cellular structures get pulled apart by cell fibres and the cell divides in two causing nucleus to divide
  3. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide causing two identical daughter cells to form
34
Q

What are the functions of mitosis?

A

Essential for growth and development of multicellular organisms - plants /animals

Helps organisms to repair themselves

To help asexual reproduction to occur

35
Q

How do humans start?

A

When a sperm cell joins with a ovum - fertilisation

Undergoes mitosis - forms embryo

Continue to undergo mitosis

Differentiate- forms specialised cells like nerve cells

Them form adult cell

36
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Undifferentiated cell which can differentiate to form types of cells and give rise to cells of the same type

37
Q

Where can we find adult stem cells ?

A

Bone marrow - red blood cells white and platelets forms cells in our blood

38
Q

What method can we stem cells to help us?

A

Bone marrow transplant

Existing bone marrow destroyed using radiation

Recives transplant of bone marrow from donor

Stem cells in bone marrow divide to form new bone marrow and can differentiate and form blood cells

39
Q

Problems with a bone marrow transplant?

A

Donor has to be compatible with Pathan otherwise bone marrow could attack patients body

Viruses could be passed

40
Q

What is therapeutic cloning ? Issues ?

A

An embryo is produced with same genes as the patient

Stem cells can be transplanted into the patient without being rejected by immune system

Stem cells can differentiate to replace cells that do not work properly

Useful for diabetics

Ethical issues

41
Q

What are plant stem cells ?

A

Roots contain meristem tissue - can differentiate at any time of the plants life

Clone plants going extinct cheaply

42
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Particles moving from a higher concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a smaller concentration

43
Q

How is diffusion used in carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood stream into the lungs 🫁 during respiration then oxygen moves from the lungs 🫁 into the blood stream

44
Q

How does urea use diffusion

A

Moves from cells in blood though kidneys into the bladder for excretion

45
Q

What are the two different things that effect the rate of diffusion?

A

Temp - the higher the greater the rate of diffusion- particles have more KE so they can move faster

Surface area of membrane- bigger , faster

46
Q

If organisms get larger, What happened to the SA:V ratio? Why may this be an issue for multicellular organisms?

A

Falls /decreases sharply

Issue for multicellular organisms as the SA may not be large enough for their volume

47
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to optimise effectiveness ?

A
  1. Thin membrane to reduce distance
  2. Large surface area so more molecules can diffuse at a time
48
Q

Explain how diffusion is used to help fish breathe?

A

Oxygen rich water passes into mouth and flows over gills causing oxygen to be transported into the blood 🩸 stream

Gills are covered with gill Filaments gases pass in and out of the blood 🩸

Deoxygenated blood passes through the filament causing oxygen from the water 💦 to enter the blood 🩸 stream - oxygenated blood flood out the filament

49
Q

What’s are the 3 adaptations of the gills to optimise breathing 😮‍💨?

A

Massive surface area - more molecules can diffuse at a time

Efficient blood supply - ensures concentration gradient is high

50
Q

What is osmosis ?

A

Water molecules moving from a high concentration through a semi permeable membrane to a low concentration

51
Q

What happened if we put a cell in a very concentration solution?

A

Water molecules will move out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink - turgid

52
Q

What happened if we buy a plant cell in water ?

A

Water molecules will move into the plant causing it to expand
Cell wall prevented the cell to burst 💥
Causing it to swell and become swollen- turgid

53
Q

What happens if we put a plant cell in a high concentration solution ?

A

Water will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink- flaccid

54
Q

Describe the Osmosis of an plant tissue practical

A
  1. Peel the potato 🥔 skin as it can effect the osmosis
  2. Use a cork borer to cut out 3 cylinders
    (Will be same diameter )
  3. Get a scalpel and cut the cylinders at the same length 3cm
  4. Measure 📏 the length and mass on a balance
  5. Place each cylinders into a test tube 🧪 add a sugar solution to the first test tube 🧪 and label 🏷 it sugar 5 molar
  6. Add 0.25 molar- smaller concentrations (10 cm^3 for all )
    And distilled water - contains no dissolved substances to the 3rd tube
  7. Leave them over night for osmosis to occur
  8. Next roll cylinders on paper towel to remove any surface moisture
  9. Measure length and mass of each cylinder
  10. Calculus percentage change

Change in value/original *100

  1. Plot graph
55
Q

A potato 🥔 cylinder has a starting mass of 0.32g and decreases by 0.19g calculate the percentage decrease

A

-0.19/1.32*100

=-14.39% 2.d.p

56
Q

What is the mass of the potato cylinder in distilled water?

A

Gained mass water moves into the potato by osmosis

57
Q

What was the mass of the potato 🥔 cylinder in the sugar concentration?

A

The more sugary the concentration , the more mass lost as more water moves out of the potato by osmosis

58
Q

Why at the meeting of the mass and concentration of sugar molecules is the concentration of the cell?

A

No net movement as the concentration are the same inside and outside (no side bigger than the other) so no net movement

59
Q

What is active transport?

A

Particles moving from low concentration to a high concentration against the concentration gradient and semi permeable membrane which requires energy from respiration

60
Q

Describe active transport in the human intestine

A

In lumen- sugars lower concentration
Than in blood stream (high concentration)

Sugars get to blood stream from lumen through active transport- goes from lumen to cells to blood stream to be carried around the body

Cells have mitochondria- respires to give energy for active transport

61
Q

Describe active transport in root hair cells .

A

Ions like magnesium - used to make chlorophyll in leaves- are less concentration in the soil than the root hair cell - contains mitochondria for energy for active transport

Ions move from soil to root hair cells against the concentration gradient . Ions are transported to the xylem the the leave to make chlorophyll

Biology 🧬 (8 decks)

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