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Infection > Infections on the surface > Flashcards

Infections on the surface Flashcards

1
Q

viral skin microbiota

A

papilloma

herpes simplex

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2
Q

gram positive bacterial skin microbiota

A
  • S.aureus
  • Coagulase negative staphylococci
  • Corynebacterium
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3
Q

gram negative bacterial skin microbiota

A

enterobacteriaecaea (E.coli)

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4
Q

fungi skin microbiota

A

yeasts

dermatophytes (multicellular)

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5
Q

parasitic skin microbiota

A

mites

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6
Q

mucosal flora in the eye

A
  • Coagulase negative staphylococci,
  • Diphtheroids
  • saprophytic Neisseria species
  • viridans group
  • streptococci
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7
Q

mucosal flora of the nares (nose)

A

s.aureus

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8
Q

mucosal flora of the nasopharynx

A
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9
Q

mucosal flora of the mouth

A
  • Viridans streptococci
  • Neisseria
  • Lacrobacillus
  • Bacteroides
  • Candida
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10
Q

mucosal flora of the stomach

A
  • Helicobacter
  • Streptocccus
  • Staphylococci
  • lactobacilli
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11
Q

mucosal flora of the intestine

A
  • Bacteroides
  • Lactobacillus
  • Clostridium
  • yeasts
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12
Q

mucosal flora of the urethra

A
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13
Q

mucosal flora of the vagina

A
  • lactobacilli
  • coagulase-negative staphylococci
  • yeasts
  • mycoplasmas
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14
Q

how do people get infections

A

When commensal (microbiota) carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces transfer to other sites.

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15
Q

ways commensal microorganisms are carried from the skin or muscosal sites to other sites

A

invasion- strep pyrogene pharyngitis

migration- e.g. E.coli UTI

inoculation - e.g. during surgery. Coagulase negative staphylococcus prosthetic joint infection

haemtogenous- virdans strep endocarditis. Bacteria from mouth eveolved to stick.

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16
Q

Natural surface infectionExternal

A
  • Cellulitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Pneumonia
17
Q

Natural surface infection: Internal

A
  • Endovascular
    • Endocarditis
    • Vasculitis
  • Septic arthritis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Empyema
18
Q

prosthetic surface infections

A
  • Intravascular lines
  • Peritoneal dialysis catheters
  • Prosthetic joints
  • Cardiac valves
  • Pacing wires
  • Endovascular grafts
  • Ventriculo-peritoneal shunts
19
Q

cardiac pacing wire endocarditis

A
  • Coagulase negative staphylococci
  • S.aureus
    • Hard to treat due to resistance
    • Much more specific pathogens that cause this kind of infection compared to infection >1 post-operation
20
Q

prosthetic valve endocarditis

A

1) Native valve endocarditis and prosthetic valve endocarditis >1 year post-operation

  • Viridans
  • Streptococci
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • S.aureus
  • Candida

2) Prosthetic valve endocarditis <1 year post-operation

  • Coagulase negative staphylococci
21
Q

prosthetic join infection

A
  • Coagulase negative staphylococci
  • S.aureus
22
Q

processes in the pathogenesis of infection at surfaces

A
  1. Adherence to host cells or prosthetic surface
    • Using Pili or fimbriae
  2. Biofilm formation
  3. Invasion and multiplication
  4. Host response
    • Pyogenic (formation of pus- neutrophils)
    • Granulomatous (fibroblasts, lymphocytes, macrophages –> nodular inflammatory lesions
23
Q

How do microorganisms cause disease?

A

Virulence factors

24
Q

virulence factors

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

25
Q

exotoxins

A
  • Cytolytic
  • AB toxins
  • Superantigenss
  • Enzymes
26
Q

endotoxins

A
  • LPS
  • Peptidoglycan
27
Q

host cellular damage

A
  • Direct
  • Consequent to host immune response
28
Q

management of surface infections: diagnosis

A
  • Admin to identify infecting organism and its antimicrobial susceptibilities
  • Challenges
    • Adherent organism
    • Low metabolic state/small colony variants (harder to growth)
  • Blood cultures
  • Tissue/ prosthetic sonication and culture (ultrasound bath)
29
Q

management of surfaces infections: managment

A
  • Aim:
    • Sterilise tissue
    • Reduce bioburden
  • Antimicrobials
  • Remove prosthetic material and resect infected material
  • Challenges
    • Poor antimicrobial penetration into biofilm
    • Low metabolic activity of biofilm micro-organisms
    • Danger/ difficulties of surgery
30
Q

prevention: natural surfaces

A
  • maintain surface integrity (good quality skin care- moisturise)
  • Prevent bacterial surface colonisation
  • Remove colonising bacteria
31
Q

prevention: prosthetic surfaces

A
  • Prevent contamination
  • Inhibit surface colonisation
  • Remove closing bacteria

Infection (36 decks)

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