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Infection > Adaptive immunity- effector stage > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity- effector stage Flashcards

1
Q

B and T lymphocytes are produced by the

A

bone marrow

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2
Q

where do T cells mature

A

in the thymus

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3
Q

where do B cells mature

A

in the tissues following contact with antigen

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4
Q

B cells make up

A

5-15% of lymphcytes

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5
Q

T cells make up

A

70% of lymphocytes

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6
Q

where do B and T cells accumulate

A

o Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

o Lymph nodes o Spleen

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7
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

occurs when b and T cells are activated by the antigen

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8
Q

T cell receptors carry out

A

antigen recognition

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9
Q

TCR structure

A

α and β chains o CD3 complex

o Accessory molecules (CD4 or CD8)

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10
Q

diversity of TCR

A

huge diversity- can recognise all pathogens

- Combinatorial diversity (>10^16)

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11
Q

TCR recongise

A

peptides presented by MHC I and MHC II

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12
Q

subtypes of T lymphocytes

A

o Helper T cells (CD4+) recognise peptide
presented by MHC class II molecules
o Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) recognise peptide
presented by MHC class I molecules

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13
Q

activation of T lymphocytes: role of costimulation

A

1) Signal 1: APC present pathogen peptide on its MHC (I or II depending on T cell type (CD8/4))
2) Signal 2: CD28 on complexes with B7 on APC
3) Signal 3: APC releases cytokines which stimulates the T cell

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14
Q

during T cell activation what happens to CD4 + T cells

A

they become T helper cells e.g. Th1 and Th2

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15
Q

during T cell activation what happens to CD8+ T cells

A

they become cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

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16
Q

Activation of T helper cell response (CD4+ T cells)

A

APC will release cytokines which will stimulate the naive CD4+ T cell to become a specific type of T helper cell (H1, TH2, TH17, Treg)

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17
Q

TH1

A
  • cell mediated immunity- for intracellular and extracellular pathogen*
  • stimulate CD8 T cell differentiation
  • recruitment and activation of macrophages
  • stimulate production fo IgG or IgA from B cells
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18
Q

TH2 and TH17 mediate

A

humoral immunity- defence against extracellular pathogen (parasite, worms)

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19
Q

TH2

A
  • stimulate B cells to produce IgE
  • stimulate eosinophils to kill pathogens
  • Allergic response from mast cells
20
Q

TH17

A

recruitment and activation of neutrophils

21
Q

Treg

A

tolerance and immune suppression

22
Q

effector functions of CD8 T cells

A

1) APC binds to both Naive CD4 T cells and naive CD8 T cells
2) The CD4 T cell matures to become a TH1 cell
3) TH1 cell stimulates the Nazxive CD8 T cell to become and effector CD8 T cell
4) CD8 T cell becomes a cytotoxic T cell (CTL)
5) CTL moves to peripheral tissue and jills all infected cells (senses infected cells by their MHC class I)
6) Other naive CD8 T cells will become memory CD8 T cells

23
Q

in general CD4 T cells

A

increase phagocytosis and increase production of antibodies by plasma cells

24
Q

B cells receptors are

A

membrane bound antibodies

- unique specificity for each cell

25
Q

diversity of antigen receptors

A

combinatorial diversity (>10^11)

26
Q

forms of antigens recognised by BCR

A

macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acid)

small chemical

27
Q

activation of B cells requires

A

multiple signals

28
Q

activation of B lymphocyte signals

A

1) 1st signal: BCR engagement
- signal transduction
- antigen processing and presentation
- increased B7 costimulators

2) 2nd signal: TCR engagement
- antigen specific
- role of B7 costimulators

3) 3rd signal
- Cytokines
- CD40

4) proliferation and differentiation
5) Antibody production
6) heavy chain swithcing

29
Q

outcome of B lymphocyte production

A

IgM production is T helper independent

IgG, IgA, IgE production is T helper dependent (isotope switching)

30
Q

affinity maturation in antibody production

A

occurs after prolonged and repeated exposure

31
Q

memory B cells

A

upon re-challenge can give a faster, stronger and longer antibody response

32
Q

effector T cells are required for

A

production of of IgG, IgE and IgA (thymus dependent antibodies

33
Q

after the body is exposed to an antigen e.g. after first injection which antibody dominates the total antibody count

A

IgM

34
Q

IgM is involved in

A

complement activation

35
Q

after second exposure to antigen e.g. after second vaccine which antibody dominates the total antibody count

A

IgG

36
Q

IgG is involved in

A

Fc-dependent phagocytosis Complement activation Neonatal Immunity Toxin/virus neutralization

37
Q

IgA involved in

A

mucosal immunity

38
Q

IgE involved in

A

Immunity against helminths

Mast cell degranulation (allergies)

39
Q

medical achievements derived from the study of the adaptive immune response

A
  • disease prevention
  • immunoglobulin therapies
  • immediate protection
  • Diagnostic tests (antibody-based)
40
Q

disease prevention

A

vaccination (or active immunisation)

41
Q

immunoglobulin therapies

A

immune deficiencies

42
Q

immediate protection

A

passive immunisation (antibody transfer)

43
Q

diagnostic tests (antibody-based)

A
  • infectious diseases
  • autoimmune diseases
  • blood type and HLA type
44
Q

DiGeorge syndrome is an immune deficiency resulting from an impaired thymic development. Which of the following immune components will be affected in these patients?

  1. B cell development
  2. Complement pathways
  3. T cell development
  4. T cell and B cell function
A

T and B cell function

45
Q

CD4+ T cells that respond to intracellular pathogens by recruiting and activating phagocytic cells are termed

  1. Antigen presenting cells
  2. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
  3. Th1 4. Th2
A

Th1

46
Q

Patients who do not have CD40L on their T cells (due to mutations) will likely produce an antibody response to staphylococcus aureus composed of:
1. IgG 2. IgM 3. IgA 4. IgE

A
  1. IgM

Infection (36 decks)

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