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Microbiology Exam 4 > Infections Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Infections Of The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Are the diseases that infect the nervous system the most dangerous?

A

Yes, super

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2
Q

Will severe inflammation help the nervous system if it is under attack by the disease?

A

The purpose of inflammation is to help you, however if there is severe inflammation, then no
( only doing more harm than good )

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3
Q

Does the nervous system have regenerative tissue? If so what happens?

A

No
( usually will happen if presented with a disease is that it’ll most like get very severe if not caught on quickly )

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4
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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5
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

Protective covering of the brain & spinal cord

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6
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Infection of the brain

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7
Q

What’s the difference of meningitis & encephalitis?

A

Meningitis
- inflammation of the meninges

Encephalitis
- infection of the brain

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8
Q

Can all microbes that enter the brain cause meningitis?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Can virus, bacteria, fungal, Protozoa, cause meningitis?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the most common types of microbes that can cause meningitis?

A

Viral & bacteria

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11
Q

What are the more deadlier microbes that can cause meningitis?

A

Fungal & Protozoa

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12
Q

How is bacterial meningitis transmitted by?

A

Respiratory
( droplets )

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13
Q

If meningitis is found to be in a dorm, nursing home or anywhere, what do you have to do or happens?

A

Tell people that you have meningitis
Ask others who were near you to go check out
And be very careful

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A

Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Stiff neck
Convulsions

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15
Q

Meningitis have a high mortality rate? But??

A

Yes, if we catch it early it can be preventable

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16
Q

Are viral cases of meningitis usually non fatal?

A

Yes

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17
Q

How do we find out someone has meningitis?

A

Spinal tap
( lumbar puncture )

(Extra information
Clear tube - viral
Cloudy tube - bacteria )

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18
Q

What are the 4 bacteria that mainly cause meningitis?
(SA, H, SP, N )

A

Streptococcus agalactiae
Hemophilis incluenzae type B
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Neisseria menigitidis

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19
Q

What is streptococcus agalactiae?
( gram stain, shape, group?)

A

Gram positive
Coccus
Beta hemolytic group B

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20
Q

What does streptococcus agalactiae mainly cause, in who? And acquired where? (3)

A

Cause neo-natal meningitis
Mainly infects infants
Acquired from mother birth canal

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21
Q

Does hemophilus influenzae cause the flu?

A

NO!!

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22
Q

What is hemophilus influnenzae type B?
( gram stain, shape, capsule or en capsuled?)

A

Gram negative
Rod
Encapsulated

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23
Q

How many capsules does hemophilus influenzae type b has and the most virulent?

A

6 total capsules
Type B is most virulent
( named HIB )

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24
Q

What is the transmission for hemophilus influenzae type B?

A

Respiratory ( nasopharynx)
Blood
Meninges

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25
Q

Before vaccination, what was the percentage of infected childern with hemophilus Influenzae type B? And age group of childern ?

A

45-66%
( 6 months - 5 year old )

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26
Q

Is there a vaccine for hemophilus Influenzae type B? And name? And what is it?

A

Yes
HIB vaccine
Subunits vaccine

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27
Q

At what age did we give out the HIB vaccine?

A

2 months of age
( then 4, 6, 8 months )
( again at 5 years )

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28
Q

Why do we give out the HIB vaccine so much?

A

To promote immunity

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29
Q

What is streptococcus Pneumoniae?
( gram staining, shape, encapsules, alpha or beta?)

A

Positive
Diplococci
Encapsulated
Alpha hemolytic

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30
Q

40 year old comes into the ER complaining about stiff Neck and Naseua, he comes back positive for meningitis. It shows that it is diplococci, alpha hemolytic and gram positive? What bacteria is it?

A

Streptococci Pneumoniae

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31
Q

Streptococcus Pneumoniae causes ___ of all Pneumoniaes in children of age 6 months to 6 year old?

A

80%

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32
Q

What is the transmission of streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Respiratory ( nasopharynx ) -> blood -> meninges

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33
Q

Is streptococcus pneumonia the leading causes of meningitis? If so, what is the morality rate in kids & elders?

A

Yes
Kids - 30%
Elderly - 80%

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34
Q

Is there a vaccine for streptococcus pneumonia? Name and what is it?

A

Capsule conjugated vaccine ( name )

Subunit conjugated vaccine
( is what it is )

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35
Q

When do we normally give out the capsule conjugated vaccine to kids and elderly?

A

50+ plus
2 year of age

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36
Q

What is neisseria meningitidis
( gram stain, shape )

A

Gram negative
Diplococcus

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37
Q

How is neisseria meningitidis transmitted?

A

Respiratory ( nasopharynx ) -> blood -> cerebral spinal fluid

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38
Q

What are the symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis ?

A

Endoxtiun causes fever, headache and RASH ON ABDOMEN

39
Q

Biggest symptom of neisseria meningitis?

A

Rash on abdomen

40
Q

Is neisseria meningitids the deadliest ? And percentage and how fast?

A

It is
80% mortality
Happens in hours

41
Q

Where do we normally get or see neisseria meningitidis?

A

Crowed enclosed places

42
Q

What are the 4 virulence factors and functions of each in neisseria meningitidis?
( E, F, IG, C )

A

Endotoxin - fever and shock
Fimbriae - attachment
IGA protease- destroy IGA
Capsule - antiphatocytic

43
Q

Do we have a vaccine for neisseria meningitidis? And what is it?

A

Yes
Subunit conjugated vaccine

44
Q

What is the bacteria that causes tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

45
Q

What is clostridium tetani?
( stain, spore, anaerobe/aerobe, shape?

A

Positive
Spore forming
Anaerobic
Rod

46
Q

Where do we find tetanus?

A

Soil
Animal/human GI tract

47
Q

What is the famous known area to get tetanus?

A

Old rusty nails

48
Q

How does the spores of tetanus enter through the body?

A

Cuts

49
Q

What is tetanus mainly known for?

A

Lock jaw

50
Q

What is tetanus neonatorum?

A

Cuts stump of umbilical cord

51
Q

What is the virulence of tetanus?

A

Presence of plasmid that codes for neurotoxin
( tetanospamisn )

52
Q

What is the neurotoxin in tetanus called?

A

Tetanospasmin

53
Q

What does tetanospamin do?

A

Inhibit muscle relaxation
-> paralysis

54
Q

Do we have a vaccine for tetanus?name?

A

Yes
DTaP

55
Q

What does the T in DTAP mean?

A

Tetanus toxoid

56
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

Denature protein
( exotoxins )

57
Q

Are toxoids subunit vaccines?

A

Yes

58
Q

Why do we get a booster every 10 years for tetanus?

A

To help with long term immunity

59
Q

Lets say you don’t have the vaccine for tetanus and step on a nail what is going to need to happen?

A

Get a vaccine
Artificially acquired passive immunity

60
Q

What is artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

Preformed antibodies that are immediate

61
Q

What are the 2 viral disease of the nervous system?

A

Poliomyelitis
Rabies

62
Q

What is poliomyelitis
( family, naked or enveloped, shape, positive or negative, rna or dna, single or double )

A

Piconarvirdae family
Naked
Isosahedral
Positive
Single stranded
Rna

63
Q

What does pico mean?

A

Small

64
Q

Are humans the only reservoir for poliomyelitis?

A

Yes

65
Q

So if humans are the only reservoir for polio, can we potentially eradicate it?

A

Yes

66
Q

What is the transmission for poliomyelitis?

A

Oral - fecal route

67
Q

What are the 4 steps of polio in the body?

A

Down the throat
Into GI
Multiplies in small intestine
Viral particle shitted out

68
Q

Does the polio virus also invade lymph nodes and blood?

A

Yes

69
Q

What are the first signs and then severe signs of polio?

A

Headache fever

Paralysis

70
Q

What helped with paralysis in kids who had polio? What machine?

A

Iron lung

71
Q

Is there a vaccine for polio ? Name?

A

Yes
1. Salk vaccine
2. Sabin vaccine

72
Q

What is the Salk vaccine? And was given to people what year?

A

Killed polio vaccine
( inactivated polio vaccine )
1955

73
Q

What is the Sabin vaccine?

A

Oral polio vaccine
- live attenuated vaccine

74
Q

What type of vaccine do we mainly use today?

A
  1. Salk vaccine
75
Q

When do we normally give the polio vaccine ?

A

2 months, 4 months, 6-18months

76
Q

Whole agent vaccines are both live and killed vaccines? True or false

A

True

77
Q

What is rabies?
( family, shape, negative or positive, single or double, rna or dna)

A

Rhabdoviridae
Helical
Negative
Single stranded
Rna

78
Q

Rabies is mainly known for its ____ appearance?

A

Bullet shape

79
Q

How is rabies transmitted by?

A

Exposure to infected animals
( bites & handling )

80
Q

Is rabies zoonotic?

A

Yes

81
Q

What is the main animal who has rabies in the USA?

A

Bats

82
Q

What are the 4 steps that happens to your body when getting rabies?

A
  1. Bite
  2. Pns
  3. Cns
  4. Brain
83
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies?

A

Agitation
Hydrophobia
Salivation

84
Q

What does symptoms mean in rabies?

A

It’s too late to save them
99% morality rate

85
Q

What is the diagnosis of rabies? ( distinction in the brain )

A

Negri bodies in the brain

86
Q

What is the treatment of rabies?

A

Passive HRIG & vaccine

87
Q

What does HRIG mean?

A

Human rabies immunoglobulin

88
Q

What is the vaccine for rabies name And what is it?
( H D C ?)

A

HDCV
( human diploid cell vaccine )

Killed viral vaccine

89
Q

When do we give the vaccine?
( the 4 days ?)

A

Day 0
Day 3
Day 7
Day 14

90
Q

Rabies is the only what for vaccination?

A

Post vaccine given after exposure

91
Q

What is the prevention of rabies?

A

Vaccination your animals & wild life

92
Q

Why does the rabies disease take a while to infect some people and others a short period of time?

A

It all depends where you got bite
Leg - longer time to reach brain
Neck - shorter time to reach brain

93
Q

Rabies causes what in the brain?

A

Encephalitis

Microbiology Exam 4 (6 decks)

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