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Microbiology Exam 4 > Diseases Of The Skin > Flashcards

Diseases Of The Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Why is skin so important?

A

Helps protect us as a physical barrier against infections

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2
Q

What are some examples of “skin”?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Mucous membranes
Eyes

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3
Q

What type of stuff causes diseases of the skin ? (4)

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

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4
Q

What is the most common superficial skin infections ? (2)

A

Staphylococcus & streptococcus

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5
Q

What is our normal flora gram staining?

A

Gram positive

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6
Q

What are the 7 terms to help us describe an area of the skin that is infected ?

A

Vesicles
Bullae
Macules
Papules
Pustules
Exathem
Enathem

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7
Q

What’s a slogan to help remember the 7 terms ?

A

Vicky
Bites
Max
Paper
Pussy
Exit
Envelope

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8
Q

What is vesicles?

A

Small, fluid-filled lesions

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9
Q

What is bullae?

A

Vesicles larger than 1cm in diameter

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10
Q

What is macules?

A

Flat, reddened lesions

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11
Q

What is papules?

A

Raised lesions

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12
Q

What is pustules?

A

Raised lesions with pus

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13
Q

What is exanthem?

A

Skin rash arising from a disease

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14
Q

What is enantham?

A

Rash on mucous membranes arising from a disease

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15
Q

What are the 2 Only types of bacteria that causes skin infections?

A

Staphylococci & streptococci

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16
Q

What is staphylococci & streptococci gram staining & shape?

A

Gram positive
Coccus

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17
Q

Which one, staphylococci or streptococci grows in clusters?

A

Staphylococci

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18
Q

Which one, staphylococci & streptococci grows in chains?

A

Streptococci

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19
Q

What are the virulence factors for staphylococcal infections? ( 5)
( C, L, EX, E, T )

A

Coagulase
Leukocidin
Exfoliative exotoxins
Enterotoxins
Toxic shock syndrome toxic

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20
Q

What does coagulase do?

A

Fibrin clot protects vs
Phagocytosis

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21
Q

What does leukocidin do?

A

Destroys phagocytes

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22
Q

What does exfoliative exotoxins do?

A

Cause scalded skin syndrome

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23
Q

What does enterotoxins do?

A

Food poisoning

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24
Q

What is the most virulent staphylococcus?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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25
Q

How do you get staphylococcus aureus?

A

Nasal passages
Hair follicles
Skin abrasions

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26
Q

Are most staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What are the diseases under staphylococcus? (5)
( F, F, S, C, I )

A

Folliculits
Furuncles
Sty
Carbuncles
Impetigo

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28
Q

What does folliculitis mean?

A

Pimples & pustules

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29
Q

What does furuncles mean?

A

Boils & deeper pus filled infection

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30
Q

What does sty mean?

A

Infection at the base of the eyelash

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31
Q

What does carbuncles mean? (4)

A

Deeper infection
Encapsulated
No circulation
harder to treat

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32
Q

What does impetigo mean? (2)

A

Highly contagious & crusty lesions

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33
Q

Is impetigo a type of herpes?

A

NO!!!!

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34
Q

Do you need local antibiotics for impetigo to treat?

A

Yes!!

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35
Q

What is streptococcus, gram staining, shape and grows how? (3)

A

Gram positive
Coccus - shape
Grows in chains

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36
Q

How do we divide streptococcal infections?

A

3 groups based on hemolysis

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37
Q

What are the 3 hemolysis?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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38
Q

What is the most common hemolysis for streptococcal infection?

A

Beta hemolysis

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39
Q

Beta hemolysis can be further divided into what?

A

Group A-T

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40
Q

What are the beta groups based on?

A

Cell wall carbohydrates

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41
Q

Most diseases are caused by ?

A

Beta hemolytic group A
Streptococci
(GAS)

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42
Q

What does GAS stand for?

A

Group A
Streptococci

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43
Q

What is the most famous streptococcus that causes infections?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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44
Q

Is beta hemolysis partial or complete?

A

Complete

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45
Q

What differentiates the streptococcus pyogenes?

A

M protein

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46
Q

Virulence factors for streptococcus? (8)

A

Hemolysis
M protein
Erythrogenic toxin
DNAse
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Leukocidins
Capsules

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47
Q

What are the 3 diseases under streptococcus?

A

Erysipelas
Necrotizing fasciitis
Impetigo

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48
Q

What is another name for necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Flesh eating bacteria

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49
Q

Is necrotizing fasciitis, flesh eating bacteria, group A beta hemolytic, streptococcal pyogenes?

A

Yes

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50
Q

What is also another name for necrotizing fasciitis that isn’t flesh eating bacteria?

A

Group A, beta hemolytic, streptococcus pyogenes

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51
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis caused by?

A

Highly invasive strains

52
Q

What are these highly invasive strains produced by for necrotizing fasciitis?

53
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that causes the strains for the flesh eating bacteria?

A

Hyaluronidase
Protease
Streptokinase

54
Q

What is the reaction to having a flesh eating bacteria?

A

It reaches deeper tissues and damages your muscles
( literally eating your skin alive )

55
Q

What is the treatment for necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Surgical removal ( amputation )
&
IV antibiotic therapy

56
Q

Is necrotizing fasciitis contagious?

57
Q

How do you get necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Scratches and fomites

58
Q

If necrotizing fasciitis is from stratches and fomites, is that indirect and direct contact?

59
Q

What are the 6 viral skin diseases ?
( H, S, C, M, GM, H )

A

German measles ( rubella )
Measles ( rubeola)
Chicken pox & shingles
Smallpox
HPV
Herpes simplx

60
Q

Is Warts human papilloma virus?

61
Q

What is human papilloma virus ?
( single/double, dna/rna, non enveloped/ or yes , family?) (4)

A

Papovaviridae - family
Double stranded
Dna
Non-enveloped

62
Q

How many types of warts are there?

63
Q

Warts can grow benign skin tumors?

64
Q

Are some benign skin tumors cancerous?

65
Q

Where can we find these warts, for human papilloma virus (HPV)? (3)

A

Fingers, larynx, genitalia

66
Q

How is the transmission of human papilloma virus spread?

A

Direct contact
( human or fomites )
( genital warts - sexually )

67
Q

How can we treat human papilloma virus ( warts ?) (3)
( N, A, L )

A

By freezing with liquid nitrogen
Burning with acids
Laser therapy

68
Q

Can we prevent HPV? And how?

A

Yes
Vaccination!!!

69
Q

What is smallpox?
( family,single/double, dna/rna, enveloped/non ) (4)

A

Poxviridae
Double stranded
Dna
Enveloped

70
Q

What are the 2 forms of smallpox and what percentage did it kill ?

A

Variola major (20%)
Variola minor (1%)

71
Q

What makes smallpox so speical?

A

Completely eradicated since 1980

72
Q

What makes smallpox so dangerous?

A

Bioterrorism

73
Q

What is the transmission of smallpox? (3)

A

Respiratory -> blood -> skin

74
Q

Is smallpox a systematic infection?

75
Q

What does viremia mean and does smallpox have it?

A

Virus in blood

Smallpox does have it

76
Q

How did we eradicate smallpox? (2)

A

Vaccination
No other host, just humans

77
Q

What type of vaccine did we use for smallpox?

A

Live attenuated vaccine

78
Q

Do we give live attenuated vaccine to immunocomprosed ?

79
Q

Is smallpox highly contagious?

80
Q

What is smallpox considered as? A rash? Macules? Vesicles?

A

Vesicles ( fluid filled )

81
Q

How can we eradicate a virus? (3)

A
  • only humans
  • no latent
  • vaccine
82
Q

What is chickenpox & shingles ?
( family, single/double, dna/rna, enveloped/non )

A

Herpesviridae
Double stranded
Dna
Enveloped

83
Q

What is the virus that causes chickenpox & shingles?

A

Varicella-zoster virus

84
Q

Chickenpox stands for?
Shingles stand for ?

A

Varicella

Zoster

85
Q

How is chickenpox & shingles transmitted by?

A

Respiratory route-> blood -> skin

86
Q

Can chickenpox & shingles lay dormant?

A

Yes, they are latent

87
Q

Where does the varicella-zoster virus lay dormet in?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

88
Q

How do we get shingles?

A

A reactivation of the latent VZV

89
Q

What helps causes the reactivation of the chickenpox & shingles?

A

Stress & immune deficiency

90
Q

Once you have chickenpox & shingles do you always have it?

91
Q

What is the treatment for chickenpox & shingles?

92
Q

Do we have a vaccine for chickenpox and shingles? What’s the name?

A

Yes

Varivax

93
Q

When do we give varivax and what is it? (3)

A

12-24 months
( another shot at 4-5 years old )
Live attenuated

94
Q

Is there a vaccine for shingles? Name and what is it?

A

Yes
Shingrex
Subunit vaccine

95
Q

At what age do we give shingrex?

96
Q

Can you get shingles from someone else?

A

No, you get chickenpox first

97
Q

What is the major physical characteristics of chickenpox and shingles?

A

Chickenpox is everywhere

Shingles is like one side big ass rash

98
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

Not live only component of the viral envelope

99
Q

What is measles?
( family, negative /positive, single or double rna/dna, enveloped or non?)

A

Paramyxoviridae
negative
Single stranded
Rna
Enveloped

100
Q

What’s the virus that causes measles?

A

Rubeola virus

101
Q

Are measles contagious?

A

YES SUPER!

102
Q

What is the only reservoir for measles?

103
Q

Can we potentially eradicate measles?

104
Q

How is measles, rubeola virus transmitted?

A

Respiratory route
( air )

105
Q

What are the symptoms, starting then later in measles?

A

Runny nose, fever, sore throat

Later
Macular rash on face & trunk

106
Q

What is the main diagnosis of measles?

A

Kopliks spots

107
Q

What are kopliks spots?

A

Measles
- small easier red spots with white center on oral mucosa

108
Q

What is a complication that comes with measles?

A

Ear infections to severe pneumonia

109
Q

What is the vaccination for measles? Name and what is it?

A

MMR
( measles, mumps, rubella )

Live attenuated vaccine

110
Q

When do we give out the MMR vaccine? (2)

A

1 year of age
Another at 4-5 years of age

111
Q

What is German measles?
( family, positive/negative, single or double, dna/rna, enveloped or non ?)

A

Togaviridae
Positive
Single stranded
Rna
Enveloped

112
Q

What is German measles caused by? ( virus?)

A

Rubella virus

113
Q

German measles is a ____ form than measles?

114
Q

What does German measles cause on the skin?

A

Exanthema
( skin rash )

115
Q

Is German measles vesicle or macular?

A

Macular
( flat reddens lesions )

116
Q

What is the transmission of German measles?

A

Respiratory -> skin

117
Q

What are the complications of German measles?

A

First trimester or pregnancy, cause severe abnormalities in a fetus

118
Q

Is there a vaccine for German measles? Name and what is it?

A

MMR
Live attenuated

119
Q

When do we give the MMR vaccine for German measles?

A

15-18 months of age

120
Q

Can German measles infect healthy people?

121
Q

What does congenital mean?

A

Mother to baby
( vertical transmission )

122
Q

So when you think of German measles what should be the first thing ?

A

Congenital transmission & baby abnormalities

123
Q

Why should men get vaccinated for rubella?

A

To promote herd immunity

124
Q

Big differences between measles vs German measles?

A

Measles
- rubeola
- kopliks spots

German measles
- rubella
- congenital

125
Q

What are the 2 infections that present with macular rashes as of now?

A

Measles & German measles ( rubella )

126
Q

Extra information
What is toxic shock syndrome?

A

A strain produced by an exotoxin
Life threatening
Tampons
Fever sun burn rash
Etc

Microbiology Exam 4 (6 decks)

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