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Paediatrics > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

1
Q

How is septicaemia managed?

A

Sepsis Bundle
Neonate: Ampicillin & Gentamicin
Child: Community= Cefotaxime, Hospital= Tazocin

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2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of septicaemia?

A

Bacterial autolysis causes endotoxin release

Leads to DIC, capillary leak, cariogenic & distributive shock

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3
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of septicaemia?

A 
Fever
Malaise
Shock
Joint pain
Tachycardia & tachypnoea
Hypotension
Maculopapular rash/ Petechial/Purpura
Raised ICP
Altered consciousness
Poor urine output
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4
Q

What causes chicken pox?

A

Varicella Zoster virus

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5
Q

Which age group is most commonly affected by chicken pox?

A

1-6yrs

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6
Q

How is chicken pox spread?

A

Respiratory droplet spread

Direct contact with lesion

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7
Q

How long does it take to incubate chicken pox and for it to be infective?

A

Inc: 3weeks
Inf: 2days before lesions until last one crusts over

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8
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of chicken pox?

A

Rash: Head & trunk first then limbs,
Red macules>papules > vesicles >pustule> crusting 5days
Headache
Anorexia
URTI
Fever
Itching

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9
Q

How is chicken pox diagnosed?

A

Clinical
Serology: IgM
Vesicle fluid

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10
Q

How is chicken pox treated?

A

Symptomatic relief (antipyretics, cooling baths)
Topical Calamine & Chlorphenamine (>1yr) for itching
Severe/immunoS: Aciclovir 800mg 5/day for 7days

DON’T GIVE NSAIDS: Reye’s Syndrome (liver failure)

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11
Q

What are the complications of chicken pox?

A 
2 bacterial infection from Group A Strep
Necrotising fasciitis
Toxic shock syndrome
Purpura fulminans
Stroke
Encephalitis
life-threatening Pneumonitis
Reactivation: Shingles
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12
Q

What does a reactivation of chicken pox lead to?

A

Shingles

Reactivation of latent infection

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13
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of measles?

A

Prodrome: Fever, coryza, cough, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots (blue grey spots on buccal mucosa)
Maculopapular rash starting behind the ears spreads cephalocaudally
Generalised lymphadenopathy
Anorexia
Fever
Diarrhoea

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14
Q

What are the complications of measles?

A

Acute otitis media
LRTI: Pneumonia, bronchiolitis
Encephalitis: After 8days- headache, lethargy, seizures
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Rare & fatal neuro disorder- seizures, ataxia, intellectual deterioration 7y post-measles

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15
Q

How is measles managed?

A 
NOTIFIABLE DISEASE
Supportive (analgesia & hydration)
Abx if bacterial:
Vit A
Immunoglobulins
Prophylaxis: MMR
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16
Q

When does measles become infective?

A

4days before to 4days after rash appears

17
Q

What is the exanthematous phase of measles?

A

Second vireaemia occurs 5-7days after initial infection

Rash develops 14days after initial infection

18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of measles?

A

Highly contagious
Droplets inhaled
Affects epithelial cells in trachea by H-protein binding to receptor (CD46)
Fuses and virus enters cell
Virus: single stranded RNA & -ve sense (must be transcribed by cell)
Replication and spread via lymph nodes & blood

19
Q

How is measles investigated?

A

Clinical: Koplik spots
Blood film: Leucopenia & lymphopenia
Bloods: LFTs
Serology: IgM

20
Q

What is the incubation period for measles?

A

10-14days

21
Q

What symptoms are seen in the prodromal phase of measles?

A

Conjunctivitis
Cough
Coryza
(High fever)

22
Q

What causes Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis?

A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE WHOLE BRAIN
Persistent measles infection
Abnormal immune response
Mutated measles strain

23
Q

What are the causes of generalised lymphadenopathy?

A 
Viral: EBV, HIV, CMV
Bacterial: Syphilis, Brucellosis
Protozoal: Toxoplasmosis
Malignancy: Lymphoma, leukaemia
Inflammatory: Rheumatoid, SLE, Sarcoidosis
24
Q

What are the differentials of a prolonged fever?

A 
TB
Systemic JIA
Secondary bacteria
Infective endocarditis
IBD

Paediatrics (26 decks)

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