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Paediatrics > Immunisations & Screening Tests > Flashcards

Immunisations & Screening Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Which vaccines contain a ‘live’ strain?

A 
MMR
BCG
Yellow fever
Typhoid
Intranasal influenza
Rotavirus
Varicella
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2
Q

Which vaccines contain an inactivated/attenuated strain?

A 
Polio (IPV)
Pertussis
Rabies
Hep A
Men B
IM flu
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3
Q

Which vaccines contain antigens/extracts of the disease?

A

Hib
Meningococcal A&C
Typhoid
Pneumococcus

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4
Q

Which vaccines contain toxoids of the disease?

A

Diptheria

Tetanus

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5
Q

What are the pro’s & con’s of a live vaccine?

A

Pro: Organism grows over a period of days and immune system reacts as if it were real. Gives long lasting immunity
Con: Can revert to active form in immunoC patient and cause symptoms of the disease

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6
Q

What sort of immunity do vaccines containing immunoglobulins give?

A

Passive

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7
Q

What are the pro’s and con’s of an attenuated vaccine?

A

Primary IgM response followed by IgG multiple doses induce accelerated response.
Pro: Minimal risk of infection
Con: Less effective than live vaccine so booster required (multiple injections)

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8
Q

What vaccines are given before (not including) the age of 1?

A

8w: 6in1 (Hib, Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Hep B), Pneumococcal, Men B, Rotavirus (liquid)
12w: 6in1, Rotavirus
16w: 6in1, Pneumococcal, Men B

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9
Q

What vaccines are given at the age of 1 and over?

A

1yr: MMR, MenC/Hib, Men B, Pneumococcal
3yr4m: MMR, Booster (Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio)
13yr: HPV (strains 6, 11, 16, 18), 2nd dose 6-24months apart
14yr: Men ACWY, Booster (Diptheria, Tetanus, Polio)
65yr: Pneumococcal, Influenza
70yr: Shingles

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10
Q

What does the diphtheria vaccine prevent?

A

Cardiomyopathy
Neuropathy
Death

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11
Q

What does the Whooping cough vaccine prevent?

A

Cerebral Palsy due to hypoxia

Death

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12
Q

What does the Hib vaccine prevent?

A

Meningitis
Epiglottitis
Deafness
Death

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13
Q

What does the Polio vaccine prevent?

A

Limb deformity
Respiratory problems
Death

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14
Q

What does the Rotavirus vaccine prevent?

A

GE

Death

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15
Q

What does the Mumps vaccine prevent?

A

Infertility

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16
Q

What does the Measles vaccine prevent?

A

SSPE

Death

17
Q

What does the Rubella vaccine prevent?

A

Congenital rubella syndrome (sensorineural deafness, cataracts, congenital heart disease, learning difficulties, microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly)- teratogenic affects worse at earlier gestation
80% chance fetus affected in 1st trimester
25% chance fetus affected at end of 2nd trimester

18
Q

What does the Pneumococcal vaccine prevent?

A

Pneumonia
Meningitis
Death

19
Q

What is the Guthrie test?

A

Performed at 5days

Heel prick & collect 4 spots of blood

20
Q

What does the Guthrie test test for?

A

Sickle cell disease
CF
Congenital hypothyroid
Metabolic conditions: Homocysteinuria, maple syrup urine, PKU

21
Q

When are the results available for the Guthrie test?

A

6-8weeks

22
Q

What is the presentation of a child w/Diptheria?

A

Flu-like illness
Pharyngitis
Neck swelling
white/grey membrane over tonsils/pharynx

23
Q

What are the signs of tetanus?

A

Neurotoxin: Tetanospasmin acts on motor cells in CNS causing spasm
Trismus-Lock jaw
Risus sardonicus: Grinning face due to facial muscle spasm
Opisthotonus: Arched body & hyperextended neck
Autonomic dysfunction: Sweating, tachy, hypoT
Death: RF/CF/Exhaustion/Aspiration

24
Q

What are the signs of polio?

A 
Flu-like symptoms
Muscle pain
Flaccid paralysis
Areflexia
CN affected: Deafness, blindness, dysarthria, dysphagia
25
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis in someone who has not be immunised: 5yo boy from Uganda presents w/sore throat, generally unwell for the past 3d w/fever & mild sore throat. OE deteriorated, restless, febrile, no stridor, white membrane covering red pharynx

A

Diptheria

26
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis in someone who has not be immunised: 6yo boy appears to be fitting. He is very rigid, arching his back, hyperextending neck, unable to speak, face locked in a permanent smile. You notice a small wound on his leg which has been there a few days.

A

Tetanus

27
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis in someone who has not be immunised: 18mo boy presenting w/headache, mild fever, lethargy. Blood culture & LP are done
LP: lymphocyte count +++, protein ++, glucose –
Abx commenced but..
Culture: -ve
So stopped but continues to deteriorate

A

TB (meningitis)

28
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis in someone who has not be immunised: 7yo boy from China w/Hx of headache, muscle pain, neck stiffness. 3d after onset he gets L leg weakness. OE he has flaccid paralysis & loss of reflexes & normal sensation.

A

Polio

29
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis in someone who has not be immunised: 5yo boy w/chronic cough for 3m. For first 4w the cough would occur in bursts & he would get v.distressed occasionally going blue & vomiting.

A

Pertussis

30
Q

What does the Varicella Zoster infection do to a growing fetus?

A

Non-immune mothers
1-2% chance of developing fetal varicella syndrome
Usually before 20w
Dertamological skin scarring, neurological defects, eye defects, limb hypoplasia

31
Q

What type of test is the newborn hearing test?

A

Otoacoustic emission test: Computer generated click into ear piece, soft echo indicates healthy cochlear
Abnormal test: Auditory Brainstem Response test

32
Q

What vaccinations are given to pregnant women?

A

Pertussis (from 16weeks offered up to 32weeks but not as effective)
Influenza

33
Q

What causes mumps?

A

Paramyxovirus

34
Q

What are the features of mumps?

A 
Parotitis (Swallowing a citrus drink= pain)
Orchitis
Fever
Malaise
Coryzal
Viral meningitis/encephalitis
Seizure

Paediatrics (26 decks)

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