Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What does failure to thrive mean?

A

Suboptimal weight gain in first 3years of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of failure to thrive?

A 
95% not enough food being given/taken
Inadequate intake: Impaired sucking, LOA
Inadequate availability: Abuse/deprivation
Inadequate retention: Vomiting
Malabsorption: Coeliac, Crohn's
Inc requirement: Chronic illness
Failure to utilise nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the signs of failure to thrive?

A

Dysmorphic features
Respiratory failure
Heart failure
Marasmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is failure to thrive investigated?

A 
Growth chart
Bloods: FBC, Ferritin, U&E, LFT, TFT
Coeliac screen
Urinalysis
Faecal blood
Food diary
Skeletal survey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is failure to thrive treated?

A

Dietary advice: 3meals + 2snacks
Limit milk to 500ml/day
Admit if severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the different phases of growth?

A

Pre-natal/intra-uterine
Infantile
Childhood
Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the average birth weight?

A

7lb (3.3kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the average head circumference at birth?

A

35cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When do teeth first appear?

A

Primary: 6months (DoH recommends weaning at this time)
Permenant: 6-12yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the normal milk requirement per day?

A

150mls/kg/day until weaning

25oz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is classed as overweight & obese in children?

A

Overweight: >85th centile
Obese: 91-98th centile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the recommended exercise amount for a child till the age of 18?

A

1hour per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is development most rapid?

A

First 4 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 4 categories are assessed in a child’s development?

A

Gross motor
Fine motor
Speech & language (including hearing)
Social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the timings of the gross motor skills of a baby/child?

A 
MEDIAN AGES (50% of children will achieve these ranges)
6-8w: Raises head to 45 degrees
6m: Rolls front onto back    7m: Rolls back onto front
6-8m: Sit without support
8-9m: Crawling
10m: Cruising- walking w/furniture
12m: Walking unsteadily
15m: Walks steadily
18m: Can run 
2y: Jumps
3y: Hops
4y: Climbing frames
5y: Hops & skips
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the red flags in a child’s development?

A 
Not fixing and following at 6m
No social smile at 3m
Not babbling at 6m
Can't sit without support at 9m
Can't walk at 18m
Hand preference before 18m (sign of cerebral palsy)
17
Q

What are developmental warning signs?

A 
Family history
Maternal concern
Regression
Discordant development
Persisting primitive reflexes (Moro reflex)
18
Q

What are the primitive reflexes

A

Palmar grasp: Disappears at 4-6m longer= abnormal
Moro reflex: Move baby down quickly will open both arms, one arm may be indicative of weakness on one side, disappears at 4-6m longer= abnormal
Rooting reflex
Asymmetric tonic reflex/ fencing reflex: Turn head to L arm moves out to the left, disappear by 6m
Parachute reflex: From 9m, push child forward will put hands out to stop themselves

19
Q

What is normal & abnormal weight loss in a baby?

A

Normal: 5% regained by day 10
Abnormal: 10%

20
Q

What is the normal amount of sleep for babies/children?

A 
Birth: 16hrs
6m: 14hrs
2yrs: 13hrs
4yrs: 12hrs
18yrs: 8hrs
Night terrors: Before REM sleep, 4-7yrs
Nightmares: During REM sleep, 8-10yrs
Sleep walking: 5-10yrs
21
Q

What is growth dependent on?

A

Intrauterine: Uterine environment
Infantile: Nutrition, thyroid hormones, good health, happiness
Childhood: Growth hormones, Genes, thyroid hormones, health & happiness
Puberty: Testosterone, oestrogen, growth hormone

22
Q

What are the causes of obesity?

A

95% Simple-Dietary
Genetic: Prada-Willi, Leptin, Familial obesity
Endocrine: Hypothyroid, Cushing’s, PCOS, GH deficiency
Idiopathic: Antidepressants, Corticosteroids, Anticonvulsants
Nutritional obesity: Tall & fat
Pathological obesity: Short & fat

23
Q

How is obesity investigated?

A

BMI

Bloods: Lipids, HbA1c, OGTT, Cortisol

24
Q

What are the complications of obesity?

A 
Psychological
DM2
Sleep apnoea
Orthopaedic
Infertility
Cancer
25
Q

How is short stature defined?

A

Height below 2nd centile

26
Q

What are the causes of short stature?

A 
Familial: Constitutional Delay
Chromosomal: Turner's
Hormonal
IUGR
Dysmorphic syndromes
GH deficiency
Malabsorption: Coeliac, IBD
Skeletal dysplasia
Endocrine
Nutritional
27
Q

How are the causes of short stature investigated?

A

Bloods: TFTs, Coeliac antibody screen
Karyotyping
Urinalysis
Bone age

28
Q

How is short stature managed?

A

Treat underlying cause

Growth hormones

29
Q

What aspects of development would warrant a referral for further investigation?

A

Delayed walking: Failure to crawl/sit unsupported, refer at 18m
Exclude: Cerebral palsy, global delay, muscular dystrophy
Delayed speech: Language comprehension or language used to communicate, SALT referral, hearing test
Exclude: Familial hearing problems, Chronic glue ear, Autism, global delay
Global delay: Fine, motor, speech & social delays

30
Q

What are the causes of neurodevelopment delay?

A

25% unknown
Genetics: Down’s, Fragile X, Duchenne, Phenylketonuria
Hydrocephalus
Microcephaly
Prenatal insult: Congenital infection, hypothyroid, teratogenic
Perinatal: Asphyxia, hyperbilirubinaemia, intraventricular haemorrhage
Postnatal: Brain injury/trauma, CNS infection, hypoG

31
Q

What are the milestones for speech and hearing?

A

3m: Quietens to parents voice, squeals, turns to sound
6m: Double syllable noises
9m: mama/dada, understands no
12m: Knows & responds to own name
12-15m: Understands simple commands, knows 2-6words
2y: Combines 2 words, points to body parts
2.5y: Vocab of 200 words
3y: Short sentences 3-5words, identifies colours, ask what/who, counts to 10
4y: Asks why, when, how

32
Q

What investigation should be done with delayed speech?

A

Hearing test

Paediatrics (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions