Infection & UTIs Flashcards

1
Q

What are host risk factors for infection?

A
  • Compromised host
  • Extremes of age
  • Stress + starvation
  • Congenital + acquired immunodeficiency
  • Disruption of normal physiological + anatomical barriers
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2
Q

How can bacteria cause disease?

A
  • Access
  • Adherence
  • Growth
  • Invasion
  • Protection from killing by immune system
  • Protection from killing by antibiotics
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3
Q

What are the risk factors for UTIs?

A
  • Being female
  • Abnormal urinary tract
  • Pregnancy
  • Catheterisation
  • Diabetes?
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4
Q

What is the most common cause of UTIs and why?

A

E.coli -

  • Pili improve adhesion
  • Haemolysin increase invasion
  • Capsule
  • Siderophores scavenge iron for growth
  • Antibiotics resistance is common
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5
Q

What are other causes of UTI?

A
  • Other gram -ve gut bacteria e.g. Klebisella
  • Staph
  • Faecal streps
  • Pseudonomas - big problem with sticking to catheters
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6
Q

What is cystitis?

A

A bladder infection - lower UTI

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7
Q

What is pylonephritis?

A

Upper UTI

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8
Q

What is sterile pyuria?

A

White cells in urine but no microbes

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9
Q

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria and who are the exceptions that receive treatment?

A

Positive lab results but no symptoms - pregnant women & children

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10
Q

How do you test for UTI?

A

Dipstick - look for nitrates & blood

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11
Q

What are the 5 antimicrobial targets & drug examples?

A
  • Cell wall - beta lactams (penicillin) + glycopeptides (vancomycin)
  • Nucleic acid synthesis - quinolones (floxacin)
  • Cell membrane - lipopeptides (daptyomycin)
  • Nucleic acid precursor synthesis - trimethoprim
  • Protein synthesis - tetracyclins, macroglides, aminoglycosides
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12
Q

Which particular drug target is the most toxic to humans?

A

Targeting the cell membrane as human cells has cell walls.

Protein synthesis targets are not as toxic as different ribosomes are involved

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13
Q

What are the 3 different times of giving ABX?

A
  • Empirical - before causative pathogen known
  • Prophylactic - prevent infection e.g. surgery
  • Targeted - therapy informed by definitive diagnosis
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14
Q

What it mean when ABX are broad spectrum?

A

They can target all bacteria from gram -ve to gram +ve

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15
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of ABX resistance?

A
  • Eject drug from cell
  • Use different metabolic process
  • Alter binding site/target
  • Break down drug - enzyme inactivation
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16
Q

What are the common side effects of ABX?

A
  • GI upset
  • Allergy
  • Microbiome disruption
  • Thrush
  • Antiobiotic-associated colitis
  • Antimicrobial resistance