Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

How is diabetes defined?

A

A metabolic disorder where there is elevated blood glucose due to:

  • resistance to action of insulin and/or
  • insufficient insulin secretion
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2
Q

What is the main glucose transporter?

A

GLUT4 - dependent on insulin

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3
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Production of glucose

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4
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen

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5
Q

What is the key anabolic hormone to get glucose into cells?

A

Insulin

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6
Q

What are the minor catabolic hormones involved in glucose homeostasis?

A
Catecholamines (NA, AD)
GH
Cortisol
Free fatty acids
Incretins
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7
Q

What are the 3 major cell types in the pancreas?

A

Alpha-cells - produce glucagon
Beta-cells - produce insulin
Theta-cells - produce somatostatin

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8
Q

What does somatostatin inhibit?

A

Insulin & glucagon

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9
Q

How is insulin secreted?

A
  1. Extracellular glucose is transported into b-cells via GLUT2
  2. Glucose is metabolised which increases ATP:ADP ratio
  3. This causes closure of ATP-dependent K+ channels, causing depolarisation
  4. Ca2+ channels open
  5. Exocytosis of insulin-containing vesicles
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10
Q

What are the 2 phases of insulin secretion?

A
  1. Existing granules released - rapid onset, lasts 10mins

2. Stored granules mobilised to be released - prolonged plateau

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11
Q

What are the actions of insulin?

A
  • Promotes glycogen synthesis
  • Promotes fusion of vesicles & transporter insertion into cell walls to facilitate glucose uptake
  • Promotes protein synthesis & inhibits protein breakdown
  • Promotes lipogenesis & inhibits lipolysis
  • Promotes mitogenesis
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12
Q

Is glucagon secretion increased by?

A

Low blood glucose levels

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13
Q

What is glucagon suppressed by?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A
  • Stimulates gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis
  • Increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation & ketone formation
  • Stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes
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15
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta-cells causing insulin deficiency

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A

Hyperglycaemia
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weight loss

17
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A

Heterogenous condition - insulin resistant + hyperinsulinaemia.
Associated with obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, low socioeconomic status