Cell injury & death Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cells response to stress?

A
  • Cell tries to adapt
  • If stress exceeds adaptability –> injury
  • If injury is irreversible –> cell death
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2
Q

What are 7 causes of cell injury + death?

A
  • Oxygen deprivation
  • Physical agents
  • Chemicals & drugs
  • Infectious agents
  • Immune reactions
  • Genetic derangements
  • Nutritional imbalances
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3
Q

How can you detect cell injury?

A

Look for intracellular components in the blood - increased levels indicates loss of integrity of cell membrane

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4
Q

What are the two types of cell death?

A
  • Necrosis

- Apoptosis

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5
Q

Describe necrosis

A
  • Something causes injury to cell
  • Pathologic
  • Enzymatic cell digestion
  • Cell contents leak out - causes inflammation
  • Cell size enlarges
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6
Q

Describe apoptosis

A
  • Programmed cell death
  • Pathological or physiologic
  • Internally controlled
  • Nuclear dissolution
  • Cell size shrinks
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7
Q

When is cell injury irreversible?

A
  • Severe mitochondrial damage

- Rupture of lysosomal & plasma membranes

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8
Q

How does mitochondrial damage cause cell injury?

A
  • Less ATP produced
  • Free oxygen species produced
  • Pores in Mt membrane –> leakage of Mt proteins
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9
Q

How does loss of Ca homeostasis cause cell injury?

A

Influx upon cell injury to activate enzymes for apoptosis

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10
Q

How do free oxygen species cause cell injury?

A

From Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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11
Q

What causes increased free radical generation?

A
  • Absorption of radiant energy
  • Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals
  • Activation of inflammation
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12
Q

How are free radicals removed?

A
  • Spontaneous decay
  • Anti-oxidants
  • Storage proteins
  • Enzymes
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13
Q

How do free radicals injure cells?

A
  • Membrane lipid peroxidation
  • Interaction with proteins
  • DNA damage
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14
Q

What are the 6 types of necrosis?

A
  • Coagulative - no enzymatic digestion of tissue
  • Liquefactive - replaces cell with liquefied material
  • Caseous - looks like cottage cheese (TB)
  • Gangrenous -
  • Fat - no strictly necrosis - enzymatic digestion of tissues
  • Elbrinoid
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15
Q

What is infarction?

A

Area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ

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16
Q

What is the difference between white and red infarction?

A
  • White - avascular

- Red - haemorrhagic - blood

17
Q

What are the 3 triggers of apoptosis?

A
  • Activation of caspases
  • DNA & protein breakdown
  • Membrane alterations + recognition by phagocytes