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Infection + Ressponse Flashcards

Pathogen, Diseases, nonspecific response, Antibodies, Antitoxins, Communicable disease, Malaria, Vaccinations, Drug development, Clinical test, Monoclonal Antibodies

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganism which causes disease

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2
Q

What Is a Communicable disease?

A

Can be passed on from one person to another

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3
Q

What is a non-communable disease?

A

Cannot spread / pass onto

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4
Q

How are diseases spread?

A

Touching

Air

Bodily fluid

Insects

Animals

Food / water

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5
Q

How does our body protect us from disease?

A

Non-Specific response

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6
Q

What is a non specific reposnse?

A

Respond to all pathogens in same way -> generalised response

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7
Q

How does saliva prevent us from getting ill?

A

Contains Enzymes = break down pathogen

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8
Q

How do tears prevent disease?

A

Contains Enzymes = break down pathogen

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9
Q

How does skin cuts prevent us getting disease?

A

Platelets in blood = clot blood + form scab

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10
Q

How does wind pipe prevent disease?

A

Epithelial cells = sweep + remove pathogen down to stomach where it is broken down

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11
Q

How does stomach prevent disease?

A

Hydrochloric acid = breakdown pathogen

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12
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Detect pathogen and stimulate response to break down

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13
Q

Two main types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

How do phagocytes stop pathogens?

A

Engulf microbes

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15
Q

How do lymphocytes stop pathogens?

A

Produce Antibodies/ Antitoxins

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16
Q

What is the protein on a pathogen surface?

A

Antigens

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17
Q

What happens when lymphocytes produce Antibodies?

A

If antibody is complementary to pathogen antigen = break down

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18
Q

What happens when lymphocytes produce Antitoxins?

A

Bind to toxins + neutralise

Has to be COMPLEMENATRY to antigen

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19
Q

What happens when Phagocytes stop pathogens?

A

Ingest / Engulf pathogen

Break down using ENZYMES -> Until Harmless

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20
Q

Types of disease?

A

Viral

Bacterial

Fungal

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21
Q

Name viral infection diseases? (3)

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (plant)

HIV

Measles

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22
Q

How do viral infections make us ill?

A

Reproduce in cells

Cells burst

Spread in blood

Destroy cells

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23
Q

How do bacterial infections make us ill?

A

Divide rapidly

Binary fusion

Produce toxins

Damage tissue

24
Q

Examples of bacterial infection?

A

Salmonella

Gonorrhea

25
How do Fungal Infection make us ill?
Live in air, soil, water Grow mold Use host for resources
26
Examples of fungal infections?
Athletes foot Rose Black spot (plant)
27
How to treat viral infection?
Vaccines
28
How to treat bacterial infection?
Antibiotics
29
How to treat fungal infection?
Antifungal medication
30
What is a protist?
Single celled organisms that grow on + contaminate food > Live on + Rely on host > Require vector -> organism spread disease does not cause it
31
Example of a protist disease?
Malaria
32
What is the vector for malaria?
Mosquito
33
How is malaria spread?
Mosquito bites
34
How to prevent malaria?
Mosquito nets Insect repellent
35
What is a vaccination?
An injection which contains a dead or weakened form of a pathogen
36
What do vaccunations do?
Help prevents you getting ill
37
What is meant by immunity?
Not being able to catch a certain disease because you have some Antibodies in the blood to fight it
38
How do vaccines prevent illness?
Memory cells remember shape of antigen Pathogen enter body Memory cells recognise pathogen antigen= make complimentary Antibodies Antibody attach to pathogen + destroy
39
What is the MMR vaccine?
Injection protects against 3 × viral infections: > Measles > Mumps > Rubella
40
What are Antibiotics?
Treat bacterial infections > Prevent mitosis > Prevent protein synthesis > Prevent cell wall forming
41
Why don't bacterial cells attack animal cells?
Don't have cell walls
42
Why can't antibiotics treat viral infection?
Don't have cell walls Found inside our cells
43
What is a drug?
A substance taken into body that modifies / affects chemical reactions in body
44
Where do drugs come from?
Plants Micro-organism Scientists
45
Why are drugs tested?
Safe Not toxic Effective Prevent disease Dosage?
46
What happens during drug development? (9)
``` 1 Reasearch 2 synthesis 3 Pre-clinical trial 4 Animal test 5 Clinic Trial P1 6 Clinic Trial P2 7 Clinic Trial P3 8 Monitoring 9 Licensing ```
47
What do the clinical trials include?
Placebo
48
What is a placebo?
Fake drug
49
Why are blind trials important?
No bias Variety of characteristics studied
50
Why are blind trials bad?
Ethical -> has patient been given placebo / drug?
51
What are Monoclonal Antibodies?
Antibodies produced from single lymphocyte Specific to 1 Antigen
52
What do Monoclonal Antibodies do?
Detect pathogen Treat disease Identify specific molecules being investigated
53
What are Monoclonal Antibodies used for?
Measure hormone levels in blood Pregnancy test Diagnose cancer Attaching markers to identify molecules
54
How do Monoclonal Antibodies treat diseases?
Antibodies = complimentary to specific antigen Target specific cells Identify by attaching radioactive substance pr toxic drug / chemical
55
Negatives of Monoclonal Antibodies?
Inject mouse with radiation to cause tumor Ethical = harm animals New process = untrustworthy
56
Positives of Monoclonal Antibodies?
Process stimulates hybridoma cells -> humanised to treat cancer Less invasive than chemo

Biology: (8 decks)

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