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Biology: > Infection + Ressponse > Flashcards

Infection + Ressponse Flashcards

Pathogen, Diseases, nonspecific response, Antibodies, Antitoxins, Communicable disease, Malaria, Vaccinations, Drug development, Clinical test, Monoclonal Antibodies

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganism which causes disease

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2
Q

What Is a Communicable disease?

A

Can be passed on from one person to another

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3
Q

What is a non-communable disease?

A

Cannot spread / pass onto

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4
Q

How are diseases spread?

A

Touching

Air

Bodily fluid

Insects

Animals

Food / water

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5
Q

How does our body protect us from disease?

A

Non-Specific response

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6
Q

What is a non specific reposnse?

A

Respond to all pathogens in same way -> generalised response

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7
Q

How does saliva prevent us from getting ill?

A

Contains Enzymes = break down pathogen

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8
Q

How do tears prevent disease?

A

Contains Enzymes = break down pathogen

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9
Q

How does skin cuts prevent us getting disease?

A

Platelets in blood = clot blood + form scab

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10
Q

How does wind pipe prevent disease?

A

Epithelial cells = sweep + remove pathogen down to stomach where it is broken down

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11
Q

How does stomach prevent disease?

A

Hydrochloric acid = breakdown pathogen

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12
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Detect pathogen and stimulate response to break down

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13
Q

Two main types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

How do phagocytes stop pathogens?

A

Engulf microbes

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15
Q

How do lymphocytes stop pathogens?

A

Produce Antibodies/ Antitoxins

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16
Q

What is the protein on a pathogen surface?

A

Antigens

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17
Q

What happens when lymphocytes produce Antibodies?

A

If antibody is complementary to pathogen antigen = break down

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18
Q

What happens when lymphocytes produce Antitoxins?

A

Bind to toxins + neutralise

Has to be COMPLEMENATRY to antigen

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19
Q

What happens when Phagocytes stop pathogens?

A

Ingest / Engulf pathogen

Break down using ENZYMES -> Until Harmless

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20
Q

Types of disease?

A

Viral

Bacterial

Fungal

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21
Q

Name viral infection diseases? (3)

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (plant)

HIV

Measles

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22
Q

How do viral infections make us ill?

A

Reproduce in cells

Cells burst

Spread in blood

Destroy cells

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23
Q

How do bacterial infections make us ill?

A

Divide rapidly

Binary fusion

Produce toxins

Damage tissue

24
Q

Examples of bacterial infection?

A

Salmonella

Gonorrhea

25
Q

How do Fungal Infection make us ill?

A

Live in air, soil, water

Grow mold

Use host for resources

26
Q

Examples of fungal infections?

A

Athletes foot

Rose Black spot (plant)

27
Q

How to treat viral infection?

A

Vaccines

28
Q

How to treat bacterial infection?

A

Antibiotics

29
Q

How to treat fungal infection?

A

Antifungal medication

30
Q

What is a protist?

A

Single celled organisms that grow on + contaminate food

> Live on + Rely on host

> Require vector -> organism spread disease does not cause it

31
Q

Example of a protist disease?

A

Malaria

32
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Mosquito

33
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Mosquito bites

34
Q

How to prevent malaria?

A

Mosquito nets

Insect repellent

35
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

An injection which contains a dead or weakened form of a pathogen

36
Q

What do vaccunations do?

A

Help prevents you getting ill

37
Q

What is meant by immunity?

A

Not being able to catch a certain disease because you have some Antibodies in the blood to fight it

38
Q

How do vaccines prevent illness?

A

Memory cells remember shape of antigen

Pathogen enter body

Memory cells recognise pathogen antigen= make complimentary Antibodies

Antibody attach to pathogen + destroy

39
Q

What is the MMR vaccine?

A

Injection protects against 3 × viral infections:

> Measles
Mumps
Rubella

40
Q

What are Antibiotics?

A

Treat bacterial infections

> Prevent mitosis
Prevent protein synthesis
Prevent cell wall forming

41
Q

Why don’t bacterial cells attack animal cells?

A

Don’t have cell walls

42
Q

Why can’t antibiotics treat viral infection?

A

Don’t have cell walls

Found inside our cells

43
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance taken into body that modifies / affects chemical reactions in body

44
Q

Where do drugs come from?

A

Plants

Micro-organism

Scientists

45
Q

Why are drugs tested?

A

Safe

Not toxic

Effective

Prevent disease

Dosage?

46
Q

What happens during drug development? (9)

A 
1 Reasearch
2 synthesis
3 Pre-clinical trial
4 Animal test
5 Clinic Trial P1
6 Clinic Trial P2
7 Clinic Trial P3
8 Monitoring 
9 Licensing
47
Q

What do the clinical trials include?

A

Placebo

48
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Fake drug

49
Q

Why are blind trials important?

A

No bias

Variety of characteristics studied

50
Q

Why are blind trials bad?

A

Ethical -> has patient been given placebo / drug?

51
Q

What are Monoclonal Antibodies?

A

Antibodies produced from single lymphocyte

Specific to 1 Antigen

52
Q

What do Monoclonal Antibodies do?

A

Detect pathogen

Treat disease

Identify specific molecules being investigated

53
Q

What are Monoclonal Antibodies used for?

A

Measure hormone levels in blood

Pregnancy test

Diagnose cancer

Attaching markers to identify molecules

54
Q

How do Monoclonal Antibodies treat diseases?

A

Antibodies = complimentary to specific antigen

Target specific cells

Identify by attaching radioactive substance pr toxic drug / chemical

55
Q

Negatives of Monoclonal Antibodies?

A

Inject mouse with radiation to cause tumor

Ethical = harm animals

New process = untrustworthy

56
Q

Positives of Monoclonal Antibodies?

A

Process stimulates hybridoma cells -> humanised to treat cancer

Less invasive than chemo

Biology: (8 decks)

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