Cell Biology

Question 1

Define what a cell is?

Answer 1

Smallest unit of life + basic structure and functional unit of all known living organisms

Question 2

What is organelle?

Answer 2

Tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell

Question 3

What makes up a tissue?

Answer 3

Group of cells which function together

Question 4

What makes up an organ?

Answer 4

Group of tissues

Question 5

What makes up an organ system?

Answer 5

Group of organs

Question 6

Function of nucleus?

Answer 6

Controls activities within the cell

Question 7

Function of cytoplasm?

Answer 7

Where chemicals reaction occur

> Gas exchange

Question 8

Function of cell membrane?

Answer 8

Controls movement of substances in and out of cell

Question 9

Function of cell wall?

Plant

Answer 9

Made of cellulose and provides strength and support

Question 10

Function of a chloroplast?

Plant

Answer 10

Contains chlorophyll which traps light for photosynthesis

Question 11

Function of a Vacuole?

Answer 11

Large space containing cell sap + keep cell rigid

Question 12

Function of a Mitochondria?

Answer 12

Oxygen is used and energy released during respiration

Question 13

Function of a Ribosome?

Answer 13

Site of protein synthesis.

Question 14

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 14

Unicellular organism which doesn’t have any membrane bound organelle.

> Bactetial cell

Question 15

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 15

Membrane bound organelle

> Animal cell
Plant cell

Question 16

What does Eukaryotic cell that Prokaryotes don’t?

Answer 16

> Nucleus

> Mitochondria

Question 17

What does a prokaryotic cell have?

Answer 17

>Free floating DNA
>Flagellum
>Plasmids
>Cytoplasm 
>Ribosomes
>Cell membrane
>Cell wall

Question 18

How much bigger arw Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 18

10 × larger

1 order of magnitude

Question 19

What is in an animal cell?

Answer 19

> Nucleus

> Cell membrane

> Cytoplasm

Question 20

What is in a plant cell?

Answer 20

>Nucleus
>Cytoplasm
>Cell membrane
>Vacuole
>Chloroplast 
>Cell wall

Question 21

Order Of Magnitude?

Answer 21

10 × bigger = 1 order magnitude

=10^1

Question 22

How to calculate Order of Magnitude?

Answer 22

Small number

> Answer = more than 10 = 10^1

> Answer =more than 100 =10^2

Question 23

What is Magnification?

Answer 23

Making small objects seem bigger

Question 24

How to calculate Magnification?

Answer 24

Magnification = Image
————
Actual

Question 25

What is Resolution?

Answer 25

Smallest distance 2 objects can be apart before they appear as 1/blur

Question 26

What are 2 types of Microscopes?

Answer 26

>Light >Electron

Question 27

When are light microscopes used?

Answer 27

To test LIVING organisms

Question 28

Which Mucroscope has best Resolution + Magnification?

Answer 28

Electron

Question 29

Light Mucroscope?

Answer 29

Lower mag Worse resolution Study living organisms 2D image Cheaper

Question 30

Electron Microscope?

Answer 30

Higher mag Better resolution Dead organism Colour Image 3D image Expensive

Question 31

Key features of a microscope? (6)

Answer 31

Focus Adjuster Mirror Steye Slide Eyepiece Objective Lens

Question 32

Function of Focus Adjuster? | Microscope

Answer 32

Used to FOCUS image and make it appear clearer

Question 33

Function of Mirror? | Microscope

Answer 33

Used to REFLECT light onto sample so it can be seen

Question 34

Function of Stage?

Answer 34

Slide is placed ready for viewing

Question 35

Function of slide?

Answer 35

Where specimen is placed to be studied

Question 36

Function of eyepiece?

Answer 36

Looked down to see specimen being studied

Question 37

Function of Objective Lens?

Answer 37

Used to INCREASE MAGNIFICATION

Question 38

1cm -> 10mm ?

Answer 38

×10

Question 39

1mm -> 1000μm (micrometer)

Answer 39

×1000

Question 40

1μm -> 1000nm (nanometer)

Answer 40

×1000

Question 41

What is Differentiation?

Answer 41

When a cell becomes SPECIALISED for a specific function and can't become a different cell

Question 42

What is a Specialised cell?

Answer 42

A cell which has a specific structure to carry out a particular function

Question 43

How is a Muscle cell Specialised?

Answer 43

A lot of Mitochondria -> respiration required for contractions

Question 44

How is an Epithelial Cell specialised?

Answer 44

Cilia (sweep extensions) -> can move mucus from airway

Question 45

How is a Palisade cell specialised? | Plant

Answer 45

Chloroplasts -> can trap light for photosynthesis

Question 46

How is a Root Hair cell specialised? | Plant

Answer 46

Long extensions -> Can reach and absorb more water No chloroplast -> no light at Roots so doesn't need to trap light

Question 47

How is a Red Blood cell specialised?

Answer 47

No nucleus -> More space for our Large SA -> More 02 diffused into cell Haemoglobin -> Helps to transport 02 in blood

Question 48

How is a Nerve cell specialised?

Answer 48

Long Dendrites -> Transports messages over long distances + connects nerve cells

Question 49

What is a stem cell?

Answer 49

Undifferentiated cell which can be specialised ro become any other cell

Question 50

Where are stem cells found in animals?

Answer 50

Embryos Bone marrow

Question 51

Where are stem cells found in a plant?

Answer 51

Root Shoot tip

Question 52

What are stem cells used for in plants?

Answer 52

Cloning Prevent Extinction Monoculture

Question 53

What are stem cells used for in animals?

Answer 53

Treat paralysis Test drugs

Question 54

What is Monoculture?

Answer 54

Growing same crops

Question 55

Why is Monoculture bad?

Answer 55

Fewer Habitats Environmental Issues

Question 56

What Ethical issues do stem cells have?

Answer 56

Is it an embryo a life?

Question 57

What religious issues do stem cells have?

Answer 57

Is it playing god?

Question 58

Why are bone marrow stem cells not ideal?

Answer 58

Cells from bone marrow (adult stem cells) can only be specialised into certain cells

Question 59

How can we grow/use stem cells without rejection?

Answer 59

Therapeutic Cloning

Question 60

Describe Processe of Therapeuric Cloning?

Answer 60

1 Nucleus (A) removed from donor egg cell 2 Nucleus (B) removed from patient body cell 3 Nucleus B inserted into egg cell 4 Cells divided into embryo 5 Stem cells grown + specialised 6 Treat patient

Question 61

Advantages of Therapeutic Cloning?

Answer 61

Reduced risk Less donors needed Less time to wait Lower risk than transplant Quicker recovery

Question 62

Disadvantages if Therapeutic Cloning?

Answer 62

Still risk Unknown side effects Limited use = Limited Knowledge Donors needed Long term?

Question 63

Adult stem cells +/-? | Bone marrow

Answer 63

+Consented +little pain +Reliable technique -Only specialised into certain cells

Question 64

Stem cells from embryo +/-?

Answer 64

+Can be specialised into any cell +More available - Unethical - Unknown risk - Unconsented

Question 65

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 65

Regular cell division separated by periods of cell growth

Question 66

Why is cell division important?

Answer 66

Differentiate (become different cells) Growth + Repair

Question 67

What is a form of cellular division?

Answer 67

Mitosis

Question 68

What comes from Mitosis?

Answer 68

2 IDENTICAL Cells

Question 69

How many pairs of chromosomes do bodies have?

Answer 69

23 pairs

Question 70

Cell cycle STAGE ONE?

Answer 70

Growth

Question 71

What happens in STAGE ONE of cell division?

Answer 71

Cell replicates organelle Cell replicates DNA (23×2) >LONGEST STAGE

Question 72

What is STAGE TWO of cell division?

Answer 72

Mitosis

Question 73

What happens in STAGE TWO of cell cycle?

Answer 73

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell One set pulled to each end of dividing cell Two nuclei form

Question 74

What is STAGE THREE of cell division?

Answer 74

Division

Question 75

What happens in STAGE THREE of cell division?

Answer 75

Cytoplasm + cell membrane divides 2 IDENTICAL cells form