Infection prevention COPY Flashcards
when to use alcohol-based agent 6
before after and between Direct patient contact
before putting on sterile gloves and before inserting invasive devices such as peripheral vascular catheter or urinary catheter
after contact with bodily fluids are excretions mucous membranesnon-intact skin and wound dressingeven if gloves are worn
when moving from a contaminated to clean body site during care
after contact with surfaces or objects in the patient’s room
after removing gloves
Chain of infection
Infection agent, Resivoir, portal of entry, mode of transportation, portal of entry, susceptibility,
The potential for a disease is based on
Number of microbes, ability to enter and survive, virulence, susceptibility
Resivoir
Where microorganisms survive, multiply and await to transfer to susceptible host.
Portal of entry/exit
blood, mucus membranes, resp t, genitourinary tract, GI, transplacental.
mode of transmission
unwashed hands, equipment used
direct, indirect, contact with inanimante object, droplet airborn, vector, vehicle.
Susceptibility
Depends of the person’s degree of res to pathogen
What does normal flora do?
help digestion, produces vit k, releases vit b, inhibit other bacteria.
What is elevated in sepsis and how to culture?
Lactic acid and has to be drawn from 2 sites.
HAI and 4
Healthcare inquired infections cost to healthcare insurance reimbursement leading cause of death preventable
CDC bundles of care 5
central line, surgical sites, UTIs, ventricular pneumonia, multiple drug resis organism
Primary infection
and secondary
1st infection that occurs in patient
after 1st when immunocompromised
exogenous infection
endogeneous
acquired in hospital, when your flora gets out of control.
Acute infections
Chronic infections
Rapid onset-short time
Develop slow last for weeks/months/years
latent infection
No symptoms for a long time
Acquiring active immunity
Exposure turns on natural responses
MDROs examples 4
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) There is a strain of E. coli
phagocytic WBCs include
nutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.
complement cascade:
This is a process by which a set of blood proteins, called complement, triggers the release of chemicals that attack the cell membranes of pathogens, causing them to rupture. Complement also signals basophils (WBCs), to release histamine, which prompts inflammation.
Inflammation
This is a process that begins when histamine and other chemicals are released either from damaged cells, or from basophils being activated by complement. With inflammation, blood vessels dilate and become more permeable, which increases the flow of phagocytes, antimicrobial chemicals, oxygen, and nutrients to the affected area. The classic signs and symptoms of inflammation are localized warmth and erythema (redness), which develop as blood flow is increased.
procedure for infection in the hospital
Blood drawn at 4am common test is complete blood count with differential. Bands or globulins mean a shift to the left or increase in immature neutrophils.
Lymphocytes
become T cells and B cells. They mature in the thymus or the lymph system and are specialized, to produce antibodies, to fight against specific invaders (or antigens).
Monocytes
can undertake phagocytosis directly as well as to differentiate into macrophages, which help clean up damaged tissue, infection, and cellular debris. Percentage increases in tuberculosis, protozoal, and rickettsial infections.
Eosinophils
They work against parasites (also called can undertake phagocytosis directly as well as to differentiate into macrophages, which help clean up damaged tissue, infection, and cellular debris. Percentage increases in tuberculosis, protozoal, and rickettsial infections. helminths) by attaching to them and releasing a toxin to destroy them. They mediate allergic reactions and, like monocytes, undertake phagocytosis.
Basophils
release histamine and heparin granules as part of the inflammatory response. Their percentage is NORMAL during infections.
Tertiary defenses
Humoral immunity: The humoral immune response (or antibody-mediated response) protects the body by circulating antibodies to fight against pathogens (e.g., bacteria). The body’s defense system acts by producing specialized white blood cells (leukocytes) to seek out and destroy invaders by any of the following methods.
(leukocytes) to seek out and destroy invaders by any of the following methods.
Cell-mediated immunity: This acts directly to destroy pathogens (i.e., viruses, fungi, protozoans, cancers) without using antibodies but rather activating phagocytes and T and B cells. Four types of T cells play a role in fighting infection:
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells directly attack and kill body cells infected with pathogens.
Helper T cells play a supportive role in cell-mediated responses by secreting interleukin, which attracts infection-fighting white blood cells.
Memory T cells: The first time an antigen invades the body, T cells form that respond to that specific antigen. With subsequent infections, the memory T cells can increase the speed and amount of the T-cell response.
Suppressor T cells are thought to stop the immune response when the infection has been contained.
Nutrients are required to
replace lost stores, maintain production of white blood cells, and repair damaged tissues
thepopulation must be immunized to protect the entire population from the disease.
at least 85%
Medical asepsis
refers to procedures that decrease the potential for the spread of infections.
medical asepsis includes
hand hygiene, environmental cleanliness, standard precautions, and protective isolation
Hand washing involves five key factors
time, water, soap, friction, and drying
TIme hand washing
nonsurg-15 sec or longer if visibly soiled
surg-2-6 mins
water hand washing
warm and rinse of completely
Soap hand washing
agency-approved soap 60% alcohol-based solution (rubs, sprays, gels)
antimicrobial soap and water
Iodine compounds
We wear PPE if
there is any chance of exposure to body fluids.
Transmission precautions
precautions to be taken based on the mode of transmission of the infection
Contact droplet or air
Droplet precautions:
Air precautions
cough, sneezing, touching
air currents, shacking sheets sweeping
Protective isolation
low wbc, chemo, large open wounds, or weak immunocompromised,
Protective isolation
guidelines
includes following standard precautions; placing the patient in a private room; restricting visitors; wearing a mask, gown, and gloves for patient care; and special cleaning or disposal of the patient’s equipment and supplies.
Surgical scrub
It traditionally involves an extended scrub of the hands using a sponge, nail cleaner, and a bactericidal scrubbing agent. A newer method uses a brushless scrub, using a bactericidal scrubbing agent. All methods require a prewash before the surgical scrub
what requires surgical attire?
Burn units, labor and birth units, and some surgical wards, intensive care units, nurseries, and oncology wards require surgical attire for patient caregiving.include a disposable hat to cover the hair, shoe coverings, and face masks.
If exposed to a bloodborne pathogen:
- Immediately flood the exposed area with water and clean any wound with soap and water or a skin disinfectant, if available.
- Report the exposure immediately to the appropriate person in the agency. If you are a student, also report immediately to your instructor.
- Seek immediate medical attention. Consent to testing and follow-up treatment as advised.
- Complete an incident or injury report.
- Attend counseling sessions provided by the agency.
Bioterroism microorganisms
anthrax, botulism, pneumonic plague, smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers, and tularemia.
Airborn diseases
MTV measles tuberculosis, varciella
Dropplet diseases
PIMP drop it like its hot. Pneunmonia, influenza, menegitis, mumps pertusis
