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Fundamentals of nursing > Infection prevention > Flashcards

Infection prevention Flashcards

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1
Q

when to use alcohol-based agent 6

A

before after and between Direct patient contact

before putting on sterile gloves and before inserting invasive devices such as peripheral vascular catheter or urinary catheter

after contact with bodily fluids are excretions mucous membranesnon-intact skin and wound dressingeven if gloves are worn

when moving from a contaminated to clean body site during care

after contact with surfaces or objects in the patient’s room

after removing gloves

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2
Q

Chain of infection

A

Infection agent, Resivoir, portal of entry, mode of transportation, portal of entry, susceptibility,

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3
Q

The potential for a disease is based on

A

Number of microbes, ability to enter and survive, virulence, susceptibility

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4
Q

Resivoir

A

Where microorganisms survive, multiply and await to transfer to susceptible host.

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5
Q

Portal of entry/exit

A

blood, mucus membranes, resp t, genitourinary tract, GI, transplacental.

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6
Q

mode of transmission

A

unwashed hands, equipment used

direct, indirect, contact with inanimante object, droplet airborn, vector, vehicle.

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7
Q

Susceptibility

A

Depends of the person’s degree of res to pathogen

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8
Q

What does normal flora do?

A

help digestion, produces vit k, releases vit b, inhibit other bacteria.

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9
Q

What is elevated in sepsis and how to culture?

A

Lactic acid and has to be drawn from 2 sites.

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10
Q

HAI and 4

A 
Healthcare inquired infections 
cost to healthcare
insurance reimbursement
leading cause of death
preventable
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11
Q

CDC bundles of care 5

A

central line, surgical sites, UTIs, ventricular pneumonia, multiple drug resis organism

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12
Q

Primary infection

and secondary

A

1st infection that occurs in patient

after 1st when immunocompromised

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13
Q

exogenous infection

endogeneous

A

acquired in hospital, when your flora gets out of control.

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14
Q

Acute infections

Chronic infections

A

Rapid onset-short time

Develop slow last for weeks/months/years

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15
Q

latent infection

A

No symptoms for a long time

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16
Q

Acquiring active immunity

A

Exposure turns on natural responses

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17
Q

MDROs examples 4

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) There is a strain of E. coli

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18
Q

phagocytic WBCs include

A

nutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.

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19
Q

complement cascade:

A

This is a process by which a set of blood proteins, called complement, triggers the release of chemicals that attack the cell membranes of pathogens, causing them to rupture. Complement also signals basophils (WBCs), to release histamine, which prompts inflammation.

20
Q

Inflammation

A

This is a process that begins when histamine and other chemicals are released either from damaged cells, or from basophils being activated by complement. With inflammation, blood vessels dilate and become more permeable, which increases the flow of phagocytes, antimicrobial chemicals, oxygen, and nutrients to the affected area. The classic signs and symptoms of inflammation are localized warmth and erythema (redness), which develop as blood flow is increased.

21
Q

procedure for infection in the hospital

A

Blood drawn at 4am common test is complete blood count with differential. Bands or globulins mean a shift to the left or increase in immature neutrophils.

22
Q

Lymphocytes

A

become T cells and B cells. They mature in the thymus or the lymph system and are specialized, to produce antibodies, to fight against specific invaders (or antigens).

23
Q

Monocytes

A

can undertake phagocytosis directly as well as to differentiate into macrophages, which help clean up damaged tissue, infection, and cellular debris. Percentage increases in tuberculosis, protozoal, and rickettsial infections.

24
Q

Eosinophils

A

They work against parasites (also called can undertake phagocytosis directly as well as to differentiate into macrophages, which help clean up damaged tissue, infection, and cellular debris. Percentage increases in tuberculosis, protozoal, and rickettsial infections. helminths) by attaching to them and releasing a toxin to destroy them. They mediate allergic reactions and, like monocytes, undertake phagocytosis.

25
Q

Basophils

A

release histamine and heparin granules as part of the inflammatory response. Their percentage is NORMAL during infections.

26
Q

Tertiary defenses

A

Humoral immunity: The humoral immune response (or antibody-mediated response) protects the body by circulating antibodies to fight against pathogens (e.g., bacteria). The body’s defense system acts by producing specialized white blood cells (leukocytes) to seek out and destroy invaders by any of the following methods.

27
Q

(leukocytes) to seek out and destroy invaders by any of the following methods.

A

Cell-mediated immunity: This acts directly to destroy pathogens (i.e., viruses, fungi, protozoans, cancers) without using antibodies but rather activating phagocytes and T and B cells. Four types of T cells play a role in fighting infection:
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells directly attack and kill body cells infected with pathogens.
Helper T cells play a supportive role in cell-mediated responses by secreting interleukin, which attracts infection-fighting white blood cells.
Memory T cells: The first time an antigen invades the body, T cells form that respond to that specific antigen. With subsequent infections, the memory T cells can increase the speed and amount of the T-cell response.
Suppressor T cells are thought to stop the immune response when the infection has been contained.

28
Q

Nutrients are required to

A

replace lost stores, maintain production of white blood cells, and repair damaged tissues

29
Q

thepopulation must be immunized to protect the entire population from the disease.

A

at least 85%

30
Q

Medical asepsis

A

refers to procedures that decrease the potential for the spread of infections.

31
Q

medical asepsis includes

A

hand hygiene, environmental cleanliness, standard precautions, and protective isolation

32
Q

Hand washing involves five key factors

A

time, water, soap, friction, and drying

33
Q

TIme hand washing

A

nonsurg-15 sec or longer if visibly soiled

surg-2-6 mins

34
Q

water hand washing

A

warm and rinse of completely

35
Q

Soap hand washing

A

agency-approved soap 60% alcohol-based solution (rubs, sprays, gels)
antimicrobial soap and water
Iodine compounds

36
Q

We wear PPE if

A

there is any chance of exposure to body fluids.

37
Q

Transmission precautions

A

precautions to be taken based on the mode of transmission of the infection
Contact droplet or air

38
Q

Droplet precautions:

Air precautions

A

cough, sneezing, touching

air currents, shacking sheets sweeping

39
Q

Protective isolation

A

low wbc, chemo, large open wounds, or weak immunocompromised,

40
Q

Protective isolation

guidelines

A

includes following standard precautions; placing the patient in a private room; restricting visitors; wearing a mask, gown, and gloves for patient care; and special cleaning or disposal of the patient’s equipment and supplies.

41
Q

Surgical scrub

A

It traditionally involves an extended scrub of the hands using a sponge, nail cleaner, and a bactericidal scrubbing agent. A newer method uses a brushless scrub, using a bactericidal scrubbing agent. All methods require a prewash before the surgical scrub

42
Q

what requires surgical attire?

A

Burn units, labor and birth units, and some surgical wards, intensive care units, nurseries, and oncology wards require surgical attire for patient caregiving.include a disposable hat to cover the hair, shoe coverings, and face masks.

43
Q

If exposed to a bloodborne pathogen:

A
  1. Immediately flood the exposed area with water and clean any wound with soap and water or a skin disinfectant, if available.
  2. Report the exposure immediately to the appropriate person in the agency. If you are a student, also report immediately to your instructor.
  3. Seek immediate medical attention. Consent to testing and follow-up treatment as advised.
  4. Complete an incident or injury report.
  5. Attend counseling sessions provided by the agency.
44
Q

Bioterroism microorganisms

A

anthrax, botulism, pneumonic plague, smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers, and tularemia.

45
Q

Airborn diseases

A

MTV measles tuberculosis, varciella

46
Q

Dropplet diseases

A

PIMP drop it like its hot. Pneunmonia, influenza, menegitis, mumps pertusis

Fundamentals of nursing (10 decks)

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