Infection prevention Flashcards
when to use alcohol-based agent 6
before after and between Direct patient contact
before putting on sterile gloves and before inserting invasive devices such as peripheral vascular catheter or urinary catheter
after contact with bodily fluids are excretions mucous membranesnon-intact skin and wound dressingeven if gloves are worn
when moving from a contaminated to clean body site during care
after contact with surfaces or objects in the patient’s room
after removing gloves
Chain of infection
Infection agent, Resivoir, portal of entry, mode of transportation, portal of entry, susceptibility,
The potential for a disease is based on
Number of microbes, ability to enter and survive, virulence, susceptibility
Resivoir
Where microorganisms survive, multiply and await to transfer to susceptible host.
Portal of entry/exit
blood, mucus membranes, resp t, genitourinary tract, GI, transplacental.
mode of transmission
unwashed hands, equipment used
direct, indirect, contact with inanimante object, droplet airborn, vector, vehicle.
Susceptibility
Depends of the person’s degree of res to pathogen
What does normal flora do?
help digestion, produces vit k, releases vit b, inhibit other bacteria.
What is elevated in sepsis and how to culture?
Lactic acid and has to be drawn from 2 sites.
HAI and 4
Healthcare inquired infections cost to healthcare insurance reimbursement leading cause of death preventable
CDC bundles of care 5
central line, surgical sites, UTIs, ventricular pneumonia, multiple drug resis organism
Primary infection
and secondary
1st infection that occurs in patient
after 1st when immunocompromised
exogenous infection
endogeneous
acquired in hospital, when your flora gets out of control.
Acute infections
Chronic infections
Rapid onset-short time
Develop slow last for weeks/months/years
latent infection
No symptoms for a long time
Acquiring active immunity
Exposure turns on natural responses
MDROs examples 4
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) There is a strain of E. coli
phagocytic WBCs include
nutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.
complement cascade:
This is a process by which a set of blood proteins, called complement, triggers the release of chemicals that attack the cell membranes of pathogens, causing them to rupture. Complement also signals basophils (WBCs), to release histamine, which prompts inflammation.
Inflammation
This is a process that begins when histamine and other chemicals are released either from damaged cells, or from basophils being activated by complement. With inflammation, blood vessels dilate and become more permeable, which increases the flow of phagocytes, antimicrobial chemicals, oxygen, and nutrients to the affected area. The classic signs and symptoms of inflammation are localized warmth and erythema (redness), which develop as blood flow is increased.
procedure for infection in the hospital
Blood drawn at 4am common test is complete blood count with differential. Bands or globulins mean a shift to the left or increase in immature neutrophils.
Lymphocytes
become T cells and B cells. They mature in the thymus or the lymph system and are specialized, to produce antibodies, to fight against specific invaders (or antigens).
Monocytes
can undertake phagocytosis directly as well as to differentiate into macrophages, which help clean up damaged tissue, infection, and cellular debris. Percentage increases in tuberculosis, protozoal, and rickettsial infections.
Eosinophils
They work against parasites (also called can undertake phagocytosis directly as well as to differentiate into macrophages, which help clean up damaged tissue, infection, and cellular debris. Percentage increases in tuberculosis, protozoal, and rickettsial infections. helminths) by attaching to them and releasing a toxin to destroy them. They mediate allergic reactions and, like monocytes, undertake phagocytosis.
