infection control Flashcards
What is the chain of infection
- An infectious agent
- A reservoir
- A portal of exit
- A mode of transmission
- A portal of entry
- A susceptible host
What ar ehte modes of transmission
- contact transmission (healthcare associated, direct or indirect)
- droplet transmission (droplet from infected person into nasal mucose, mouth or conjuctiva)
- airbone transmission (small particules carry pathogens or aerosel of body fluid specimen)
- vehicle bborne transmission (fomite come in contact with contaminated item)
- vector-borne transmission - live host with contaminated iten
How to break chain of infection
- Perform hand hygiene.
- Wear gloves when obtaining and
handling any specimens. - Dispose of contaminated
materials properly. - Use required personal protective
equipment, including mask,
gloves, and eye protection. - Perform aseptic technique when
required. - Follow isolation precautions
when required
what are some examples of drug resistant bacteria
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB), Clostridium difficile (C-diff) enteritis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB)
- drug resistant bc genetic material of other resistant bacteria
- infections from pneumonia to serious blood and wound infections
What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- causes many healthcare-associated infections
-found on nearly every fomite in healthcare - not rapid severe infection by resistant to multiple drugs
1 in how many hospital patients develop heatlhcare associated infection
1 in 25
respiratory hygeine
0 cover cough or sneeze
0 flu salute (upper sleeve)
- clean hands frequently
bloodborne pathogens ex
HIV, HCV, HBV
reccomendent practices for handwashng phlebotomists
- Wash your hands at the beginning of the workday
- Wash your hands with soap and water whenever they are visibly contaminated with blood or other body fluids
- If your hands are not visibly contaminated, you can use an alcohol-based hand rub
- Wash your hands at the end of the workday before leaving the facility
What are indications for hand hygeinie phlebotomist
Before putting on and after removing gloves
* Between patient contacts; between different procedures on the same patient
* After touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, or contaminated objects
* After handling specimen containers or tubes
* Before inserting any invasive device
* After contact with the patient’s skin
* After contact with wound dressings (bandages)
* After contact with inanimate objects near a patient
* Before eating, applying cosmetics, or manipulating contact lenses
* After restroom visits, eating, combing hair, handling money, and any other time hands get contaminated
order to don PPE
gown, mask
or respirator, goggles or face shield, then
gloves
order to doff PPE
gloves, face shield or goggles, gown, then mask or
respirator
handwashing order
- Remove all rings and jewelry.
- warm water
- Wet your hands liberally with the fingertips pointing down and without leaning your
body against the sink area. - Apply soap and work up a good lather. Use circular motions while applying friction,
being sure to interlace your fingers to clean between them, for 2 minutes at the
start of your workday, a minimum of 20 seconds between patients and between
procedures on the same patient, and 1 to 2 minutes when your hands are soiled. - Rinse each hand, allowing water to run from your wrist toward your fingertips,
pointing your fingers downward. - Remove contamination from under your fingernails with a tool designed for that purpose, such as an orange stick. If a cleaning tool is not available, scratch the nails of
one hand against the palm of the other hand to get the soap worked under the nails. - Repeat the preceding steps if your hands are very soiled.
- Thoroughly wash the wrists.
- Dry your hands thoroughly by patting them with paper towels and discard the
paper towels into a waste receptacle without touching the receptacle. - Turn off the water with a clean, dry paper towel, if indicated. Many facilities have
sensors that turn the water on automatically when hands are lowered to the faucet.
Other facilities have a knee or foot device to turn the water on when depressed
and off when released. - Clean the area using dry paper towels as needed.
what were standard precautions created for?
- protect healthcare workers from exposuyre to bloodborne pathogens (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, body fluids) not feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine or vomit
- created against transmission of aids/ hiv
What are stnadard precautions
combining hand hygiene
and personal protective equipment use when working with blood and body fluids, non-intact skin, or
mucous membranes for all bodily fluids
- reduce risk of microorganism source of infection
nails standard precautions
- no artificial nails bc more likely to have gram neg and other pathogens before and after handwashing
- clean, unpolished, nomore than 1/4 inch beyond fingertops
glove rules for use
Gloves do not replace handwashing.
* Perform hand hygiene before applying and after removing
gloves
* When removing gloves, do not touch the outside
(contaminated) area of the gloves (see Figure 3-7)
* Keep gloved hands away from your face
* Avoid touching or adjusting other PPE
* Remove gloves if they are torn and perform hand hygiene
before putting on new gloves
* Limit surfaces and items touched
* Extend gloves over isolation gown cuffs
when use gloves
For hand contact with blood,
mucous membranes, and other
potentially infectious materials
or when non-intact skin is
anticipated; when performing
vascular access procedures; or
when handling contaminated
items or surfaces
gown usage
During procedures and patient
care activities when contact
of clothing/exposed skin with
blood, body fluids, secretions, or
excretions is anticipated
gown rules for use
Always avoid touching the contaminated outside the gown
when removing it
mask usage
During patient care activities
likely to generate splashes or
sprays of blood, body fluids,
secretions, or excretions
mask rules for use
Fully cover your nose and mouth
* Respirator masks, such as N95, N99, or N100, must be used
for airborne precautions
eye protection usage
During patient care activities
likely to generate splashes or
sprays of blood, body fluids,
secretions, or excretions
eye protection rules for use
- Goggles should fit snugly over and around the eyes
- Personal glasses are not an acceptable substitute
- You can use a face shield that protects the face, nose,
mouth, and eyes - Face shield should cover your forehead, extend below your
chin, and wrap around the side of your face - Position goggles over the eyes and secure to the head using
the earpieces or headband - Position the face shield over your face and secure it on your
brow with the headband
how to remove gloves?
1) Grasp the outside edge near
the wrist. Peel away from the hand,
turning the glove inside out. Hold the
glove in the opposite gloved hand.
2) ) Hold the contaminated glove in
the gloved hand while removing the
second glove
3) ) Slide the ungloved finger under
the wrist of the remaining glove. Peel
off from inside, creating a bag for both
gloves, and then discard.
what are isolation precautions
- aka transmission-based precautions
types of isolation percautions
● Airborne precautions that require special air handling, ventilation, and additional respiratory protection (HEPA or N95 respirators).
● Droplet precautions that require mucous membrane protection (goggles
and masks).
● Contact precautions that require gloves and gowns during direct skin-to-skin
contact or contact with contaminated linen, equipment, and other fomites.
● Protective environment (PE) precautions that are used for patients who may have a compromised immune system. A healthcare worker could easily transmit disease to these patients. Therefore, healthcare workers should wear gown, gloves, and mask when interacting with patients in PE.
