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Phlebotomy > Body Systems and Related Laboratory Tests > Flashcards

Body Systems and Related Laboratory Tests Flashcards

1
Q

function of integumentaery system

A

provides protection, regulates temperature,
and prevents water loss, converts the substance
7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D, sensory perception

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2
Q

viruses that affect integumentary system

A

rubella, rubeola,
and herpes zoster, which causes chickenpox and
shingles

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3
Q

skin cancer that affect integumentary system

A

squamous
cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma

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4
Q

What is antibody titers

A

Measures level of antibodies to specific
antigens. Commonly used to determine
whether a patient has (or has had in the past)
certain diseases

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5
Q

What do antibody titers test

A

Rubella, rubeola, chickenpox, shingles,
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); also
used to check for immune deficiencies and
autoimmune disease

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6
Q

immunoglobulin levels

A

Measures immunoglobulin levels; high level of
immunoglobulin A (IgA) or E (IgE) indicates an
allergic response

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7
Q

ig levels test for what?

A

Seasonal allergies, immunodeficiencies

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8
Q

what is wet prep and what does it test for?

A
  • Microscopic evaluation of skin or nail scraping
  • Fungal infections of the skin or nails
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9
Q

what is culture of scraping + what does it test for?

A

Skin scraping is placed in or on a culture
medium that supports the growth of
microorganisms. The microorganisms that
grow are then examined under a microscope to
diagnose infections caused by Staphylococcus
aureus and other bacterial, fungal, and parasitic
infections

  • tests for Staph infection, athletes foot, ringworm, fingernal/toenail infection
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10
Q

what is skin biopsy + what does it test for

A
  • Small piece of skin tissue is removed and
    examined under a microscope
  • skin cancer
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11
Q

urine melanin

A

Urine is tested for level of melanin, a skin
pigment that may be found in urine if melanoma
is present

  • melanoma
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12
Q

What do diseases and disorders that affect hte skeletal system include?

A

osteoporosis,
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteosarcoma (bone cancer),
and various disorders related to nutritional deficiencies or poor postur

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13
Q

what is Alkaline
phosphatase (ALP)

A
  • tests for abn levels of ALp in blood
  • tests for Bone tumors, Paget’s disease (abnormal
    bone enlargement and deformation)
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14
Q

What is Calcium Ca

A
  • abn calcium levels
  • Rickets (children) or osteomalacia (adults);
    these diseases involve softening of the
    bones and serum calcium levels tend to
    be decreased; increased calcium can be
    seen in skeletal immobilization
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15
Q

What is ESR?

A
  • Measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle at the
    bottom of a calibrated tube; elevated levels indicate
    the presence of inflammation
  • Some types of arthritis, including
    rheumatoid arthritis
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16
Q

What is phosphourous

A

Measures phosphorus levels in serum, which contains
only 15% of the body’s phosphorus; the majority (85%)
is stored in the bones
- Gastrointestinal problems, malabsorption

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17
Q

What is Rheumatoid
factor (RF)

A

Tests for the autoantibody that is present in
rheumatoid arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis (but not juvenile-type
rheumatoid arthritis)

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18
Q

What is uric acid

A

Measures the level of uric acid in the blood to determine
whether the body is breaking it down properly
- Gout (a type of arthritis in which the body
does not break down uric acid adequately)

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19
Q

What is vitamin D

A
  • Screens for abnormal levels of vitamin D
  • Bone weakness or malformation or
    abnormal metabolism of calcium
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20
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

A needle biopsy to remove bone marrow for
diagnostic tests
- Multiple myeloma (cancer that starts in
bone marrow)

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21
Q

What is synovial fluid analysis?

A

Battery of tests that includes visual analysis;
microscopic analysis; measurement of glucose
proteins, LDH, and uric acid; and bacterial culture
- Gout, other types of arthritis, joint infections

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22
Q

what is Urine uric acid

A
  • Screens for excessive uric acid in urine collected over
    a 24-hour period
  • gout
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23
Q

What is torticollis?

A
  • wry neck
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24
Q

aldolase

A
  • blood levels of aldolase (glycolysis)
  • Muscular dystrophy, muscle cell damage,
    and infections in muscle tissue
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25
Q

autoimmune antibodies (muscular)

A
  • Screens for abnormal antibody levels that
    may indicate various autoimmune diseases
  • Myasthenia gravis, polymyalgia rheumatica,
    lupus erythematosis
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26
Q

creatine kinase (CK)

A

Measures the level of the enzyme creatine
kinase in the blood; CK-MM is specific to
skeletal muscle damage, while CK-MB will
also be affected by skeletal muscle disorders
General muscle damage, muscular
dystrophy, skeletal muscle disease, muscle
damage due to myocardial infarction (heart
attack)

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27
Q

Lactate/lactic acid

A

Monitors production of lactic acid during
muscle activity or due to certain medications
heart failure

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28
Q

what is Lactate
dehydrogenase
(LH/LDH)

A

Measures the level of the protein LDH in the
blood; often performed when tissue damage
is suspected
Muscle injury, muscular dystrophy, blood
flow deficiency (ischemia)

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29
Q

Magnesium (Mg) (musuclar)

A
  • amt of magnesium in blood
  • Magnesium intoxication; high levels can
    depress the neuromuscular system;
    low levels can lead to neuromuscular
    hyperexcitability, tetany, and seizures
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30
Q

myoglobin (muscle)

A
  • amt of protein myoglobin in blood (myoglobin released in bloodstream when muscle tissue is damaged)
  • Skeletal muscle inflammation or trauma,
    myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy,
    rhabdomyolysis
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31
Q

Muscle biopsy

A

Trichinosis, toxoplasmosis, or other muscle
infections; muscular dystrophy; muscle
atrophy or necrosis (tissue death); polymyositis

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32
Q

urine myoglobin

A

Skeletal muscle inflammation or trauma,
myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy,
rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle fibers)

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33
Q

what is the most abundant ig?

A

IgG

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34
Q

what is IgM

A

s found in the lymph fluid and blood
and is the first antibody produced when exposure to a particular disease occurs

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35
Q

Antinuclear antibody
panel (ANA)

A
  • Measures levels of the antibodies produced by the
    immune system that attack body tissues
  • Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic
    lupus erythematosus, scleroderma,
    thyroid disease
  • specifically SLE (phleb essentials)
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36
Q

What is crp

A
  • tissue necrosis
  • Infections, rheumatic fever,
    rheumatoid arthritis
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37
Q

monospot

A
  • mononucelousis 2 antibodies
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38
Q

lymph node biopsy

A
  • cancer sarcoidosis, tuberculosis
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39
Q

lymphatic fluid culture

A

various bacterial infections

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40
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between the blood and body
cells

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41
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of air between the lungs (pulm/o,
pulmon/o) and the outside environment

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42
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

If the lungs
do not adequately remove CO2 from the blood, the increase in CO2 level
makes the blood more acidic (a lower pH)

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43
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

relatively
higher levels of O2, the blood becomes more alkaline (a higher pH) (hyperventilation)

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44
Q

ABG

A

Measures levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
bicarbonate (HCO3) as well as the pH (acidity or
alkalinity) in arterial blood
- Respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis,
emphysema, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)

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45
Q

DNA study - respitory

A

CF

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46
Q

Electrolytes (Na, K,
Cl, CO2

A

Measures blood levels of sodium, potassium,
chloride, and carbon dioxide (in the form of bicarbonate [CHO3−])
- Cushing’s syndrome, COPD, and
acute disorders such as ketoacidosis,
methanol poisoning, or aspirin overdose

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47
Q

Bronchial washing

A

The patient’s respiratory tract is flushed with
a saline solution, which is then analyzed and
examined under a microscope for the presence of
foreign particles
Asbestosis and other environmentrelated respiratory disorders; lung cancer

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48
Q

Nasopharyngeal
specimens

A

Nasopharyngeal swabs are tested using DNA
probes to detect various viral infections
Influenza, H1N1, RSVa, RSVb

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49
Q

Sputum culture

A

Secretions from the lungs and bronchi are placed
on a culture medium; any microbial growth is
examined microscopically; often includes sensitivity
testing (culture and sensitivity or C&S) to determine
effectiveness of various antibiotics
Bronchitis, lung abscess, pneumonia,
tuberculosis

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50
Q

Throat culture

A

Material swabbed from the back of the patient’s
throat is placed on a culture medium; any microbial
growth is examined microscopically; often includes
sensitivity testing
Various bacterial infections, including strep

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51
Q

albumin and gi

A

Malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic
inflammatory diseases, chronic liver disease

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52
Q

aldolase and gi

A

Chronic hepatitis, obstructive jaundice

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53
Q

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gi

A

Biliary cirrhosis, bile duct obstruction, liver
disease

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54
Q

amonia

A

Measures ammonia buildup in the blood Hepatic encephalopathy

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55
Q

Amylase

A

Measures the amount of the enzyme amylase
in the blood
Pancreatic disorders, perforated bowel

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56
Q

Carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA)

A

Detects CEA in the blood; CEA is an antigen
that is found in the blood when certain types
of cancers are present
Intestinal, pancreatic, thyroid, lung, and
breast cancer, as well as cancers of the
reproductive and urinary tracts

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57
Q

Carotene

A

Determines the level of carotene in the blood Vitamin A deficiency

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58
Q

Glucose

A

Measures the amount of glucose (sugar) in
the blood
Type 2 diabetes, overactive or underactive
thyroid gland, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis

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59
Q

Glucose tolerance test
(GTT)

A

Measures the amount of glucose (sugar) in
the blood over a specific length of time after
ingestion of a specific dose of glucose
Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes,
Cushing’s syndrome

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60
Q

Lipase

A

Measures the amount of the enzyme lipase in
the blood
Pancreatic disorders

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61
Q

Magnesium (Mg) gi

A

Malnutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism,
diabetic acidosis

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62
Q

Methylenetetrahydrofolate
reductase (MTHFR) test

A

Detects genetic mutation of the MTHFR gene Enzyme deficiency, causing poor folate
metabolism

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63
Q

Nutritional analysis

A

Measures the blood levels of various vitamins Malnutrition, nutritional imbalance or
deficiency

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64
Q

Potassium (K)

A

Measures the amount of potassium in the
blood
Cushing’s syndrome, gastrointestinal
disorders

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65
Q

Triglycerides

A

Measures the blood level of triglycerides Decreased in malnutrition, malabsorption;
increased in glycogen storage disease, highcarbohydrate diets, uncontrolled diabetes

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66
Q

Vitamins

A

Measures the levels of various vitamins
(A, B, C, etc.) in the blood
Malnutrition, malabsorption, nutritional
imbalance related to specific enzyme
deficiencies

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67
Q

Zinc

A

Measures the blood level of zinc Deficiency can cause stunted growth,
diarrhea, increased infections

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68
Q

Fecal fat

A

Measures amount of fat in the feces to
determine how well fat is being absorbed by
the body
Pancreatitis, gallstones, Crohn’s disease,
pancreatic cancer, celiac disease

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69
Q

Fecal occult blood

A

Determines whether blood is present in
the stool
Colon cancer, other gastrointestinal
cancers, esophagitis, gastritis,
hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease

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70
Q

fecal white blood cells

A

Checks for white blood cells in the feces to
help determine the cause of inflammatory
diarrhea
Ulcerative colitis, salmonellosis, shigellosis

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71
Q

Gastric fluid analysis

A

Determines the pH and content of residual
gastric fluid in the stomach
Gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, tuberculosis,
pernicious anemia

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72
Q

Peritoneal fluid analysis

A

Examines fluid taken from the abdominal cavity
(peritoneal space) for presence of albumin,
protein, and red and white blood cells
Peritonitis, cirrhosis of the liver, lymphoma,
other gastrointestinal cancers

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73
Q

Stool culture

A

Stool sample is placed on culture medium; any
microbial growth is examined microscopically
Bacterial gastroenteritis, infections caused
by E. coli, C. difficile, and other bacteria

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74
Q

Stool for ova and parasites
(O&P)

A

Stool specimen is examined microscopically
to determine whether certain parasites or
their ova (eggs) are present
Amebiasis, giardiasis, and other parasitic
infections

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75
Q

Urine chemistries

A

Measure levels of glucose, ketones, protein,
and other chemicals in the urine
Gastrointestinal infections, type 1
diabetes, anorexia, malnutrition,
hyperthyroidism

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76
Q

Acetylcholine receptor
antibody

A

Determines presence or absence of
acetylcholine receptor antibody
Myasthenia gravis

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77
Q

Creatine kinase brain/smooth
muscle isoenzyme (CK-BB)

A

Measures the level of the creatine kinase BB
isoenzyme in the blood
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA,
stroke), lung cancer

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78
Q

Drug levels

A

Measures the blood levels of various therapeutic
drugs to monitor patient response and to help
determine therapeutic levels
Epilepsy, other brain disorders

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79
Q

Zinc

A

Measures the blood level of zinc Mental confusion, depression

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80
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
analysis

A

Measures levels of proteins, glucose, antibodies,
and other components in CSF (components
tested vary)
Meningitis, encephalitis, cancer,
Reye’s syndrome

81
Q

CSF culture

A

CSF is placed on culture medium; any microbial
growth is examined microscopically; often
includes sensitivity (C&S)
Aseptic meningitis, tuberculosis,
cryptococcosis, fungal infections

82
Q

CSF immunoglobulin levels

A

Measures immunoglobulin G (IgG) level in the CSF Acute bacterial meningitis

83
Q

hypothalamus hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Stored and released by posterior pituitary; stimulates kidneys to
retain water
Oxytocin (OT) Stored and released by posterior pituitary; stimulates uterine
contraction for labor and delivery

84
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormone (GH) Promotes growth and tissue maintenance
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH)
Stimulates pigment regulation in epidermis
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)- Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce its hormones
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)- Stimulates the thyroid to produce its hormones
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) - (F) Stimulates ovaries to produce ova and estrogen
(M) Stimulates testes to produce sperm and testosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH) (F) Stimulates ovaries for ovulation and estrogen production
(M) Stimulates testes to produce testosterone
Prolactin (PRL) (F) Stimulates breasts to produce milk
(M) Works with and complements LH

85
Q

Posterior pituitary
(releases)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Stimulates kidneys to retain water
Oxytocin (OT) Stimulates uterine contraction for labor and delivery

86
Q

Pineal body

A

Melatonin Regulates biological clock; links to onset of puberty

87
Q

Thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4)
Protein synthesis and increased energy production for all cells
Calcitonin Increases bone calcium and decreases blood calcium

88
Q

Parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Agonist to calcitonin; decreases bone calcium/increases blood calcium

89
Q

Thymus

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin Both hormones stimulate the production of T-lymphocytes

90
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone Stimulates body to retain sodium and water

Cortisol Decreases protein synthesis; decreases inflammation

91
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Prepares body for stress; increases heart rate, respiration, and
blood pressure

92
Q

Pancreas (islets
of Langerhans)

A

Alpha cells: glucagon Increases blood sugar; decreases protein synthesis

Beta cells: insulin Decreases blood sugar; increases protein synthesis

93
Q

Gonads: ovaries
(female)

A

Estrogen and progesterone Secondary sex characteristics; female reproductive hormone

94
Q

Gonads: testes
(male)

A

Testosterone Secondary sex characteristics; male reproductive hormone

95
Q

Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)

A

Measures the level of the ACTH
hormone in the blood
Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, tumor of
the adrenal gland, hypopituitarism

96
Q

Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)

A

Measures the blood level of ADH, which
is produced by the hypothalamus in the
brain
Diabetes insipidus, primary polydipsia, brain tumor,
brain infection, certain types of lung cancer, stroke

97
Q

Aldosterone (Ald)

A

Measures the level of aldosterone in the
blood
Addison’s disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia

98
Q

Calcitonin

A

Measures blood levels of calcitonin Thyroid tumors, pancreatic tumors,
hyperparathyroidism, thyroiditis

99
Q

Cortisol

A

Measures the level of the steroid
hormone cortisol in the blood
Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, tumor of
the adrenal gland, hypopituitarism, acute adrenal
crisis

100
Q

Fasting blood glucose
(also called fasting
blood sugar or FBS)

A

Measures the level of glucose in the
blood after the patient has fasted for at
least 8 hours
Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, overactive or
underactive thyroid gland, pancreatic cancer,
pancreatitis

101
Q

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)

A

Measures the level of FSH in the blood Female: menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome,
ovarian cysts, infertility, anorexia, Turner’s syndrome
Male: Klinefelter’s syndrome, infertility

102
Q

Luteinizing hormone
(LH)

A

Measures the level of LH in the blood Female: menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome,
ovarian cysts, Turner syndrome
Male: anorchia, hypogonadism, Klinefelter’s
syndrome

103
Q

Glucagon

A

Measures the level of the hormone
glucagon in the blood
Diabetes, Cushing’s syndrome, cirrhosis of the
liver, hypoglycemia, pancreatitis

104
Q

Glucose tolerance
test (GTT)

A

Determines how well the body breaks
down glucose over a 2- to 3-hour period
Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes

105
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Measures the level of GH in the blood Acromegaly, giantism, dwarfism, pituitary tumor

106
Q

Insulin

A

Measures the level of insulin in the blood Diabetes

107
Q

Renin

A

Measures the level of renin in the blood Hypertension (high blood pressure), kidney
disorders

108
Q

Thyroid function
panel

A

Measures the level of T3, T4, and TSH;
often includes a thyroid scan with a
radioactive iodine tracer as well
Thyroid cancer, goiter, overactive or underactive
thyroid gland, Graves’ disease, hypopituitarism,
thyroid nodule

109
Q

Zinc endocrine

A

Low thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor,
low testosterone

110
Q

Urine ketones

A

Measures the level of ketones in the
urine
Type 2 diabetes

111
Q

Tissue biopsy of
individual glands

A

Removal of a small piece of tissue
through a biopsy needle for
examination
Cancer of the various glands

112
Q

Aspartate aminotransferase
(AST)

A

Measures the amount of AST in the blood Myocardial infarction, cardiac
operations and cauterizations,
angioplasty

113
Q

B-type natriuretic peptide
(BNP)

A

Determines the blood level of B-type natriuretic
peptide
Heart failure

114
Q

Lipid profile

A

Measures levels of total cholesterol, including its
components of
* low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
* high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
* very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Triglycerides are also part of the lipid profile
Heart disease, cerebrovascular
accident (stroke), and conditions
related to blocked arteries

115
Q

Troponin I and Troponin T

A

Measures the amount of troponin in the blood,
which elevates when the heart muscle is damaged
Myocardial infarction

116
Q

Clotting factor assays

A

Determines the levels of specific clotting proteins;
performed when PT or APTT test results are
abnormal
Hemophilia, von Willebrand’s
disease

117
Q

Clotting inhibitor and
antibody studies

A

Detects and measures inhibitors to various
coagulation (clotting) factors in the blood
Congenital factor deficiencies,
cancer, immunologic disorders

118
Q

D-dimer and other fibrin
degradation/split products
(FDP/FSP)

A

Measures the blood levels of the byproducts
generated when the body breaks down blood
clots
Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary
embolism, hypercoagulability

119
Q

Electrolytes (Na, K, Cl,
CO2)

A

Measures blood levels of sodium, potassium,
chloride, and carbon dioxide (in the form of
bicarbonate)
Congestive heart failure; monitoring
of diuretic medications

120
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Measures the amount of fibrinogen in the blood Afibrinogenemia, fibrinolysis,
disseminated intravascular
coagulation

121
Q

Homocysteine

A

Measures the amount of homocysteine in the
blood
Risk factor for atherosclerotic
vascular disease

122
Q

Methylenetetrahydrofolate
reductase (MTHFR) test

A

DNA test for mutation of MTHFR gene Failure to metabolize homocysteine

123
Q

Platelet count

A

Determines the number of platelets in the blood Disseminated intravascular
coagulation, thrombocytosis,
thrombocytopenia, various anemias
and leukemias

124
Q

Platelet function studies

A

Assess various functions of the platelets Inherited and acquired platelet
function problems

125
Q

Prothrombin time
(PT), (activated) partial
thromboplastin time (PTT/
APTT), and international
normalized ratio (INR)

A

Measure the time it takes blood plasma to clot Clotting factor deficiencies,
vitamin K deficiency, disseminated
intravascular coagulation,
monitoring of anticoagulant therapy

126
Q

ABO, Rh factor

A

Determines the presence of specific antigens on
red blood cells
Blood group and typing
(performed when transfusions are
needed)

127
Q

Differential

A

Determines the percentage of individual types
of white blood cells—neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils—as well as
hematopoietic cells such as nucleated RBCs and
early stages of WBCs
Benign and malignant causes for
imbalance of cell distributions:
infections, inflammation, anemia,
leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma

128
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR)

A

Measures the rate at which red blood cells fall to the
bottom of a specially calibrated tube; an increase of
plasma proteins during times of inflammation and
other disorders causes RBCs to fall more quickly
Anemia, lymphoma, multiple
myeloma, autoimmune disorders,
infections, inflammation, arthritis

129
Q

Flow cytometry

A

Used to detect cell identification proteins on
the surface of blood cells known as cluster
designation (CD) markers
Leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma

130
Q

Hemoglobin
electrophoresis (HbEP)

A

Used to detect abnormal forms of hemoglobin Various hemoglobinopathies and
thalassemia

131
Q

Iron studies (Fe and TIBC)

A

Series of tests to measure the level of iron in the
serum, the blood’s total iron-binding capacity,
unsaturated iron-binding capacity, and the amount
of iron stored in the body
Iron deficiency, iron-deficient
anemia

132
Q

Malaria test

A

Microscopic examination of the blood to detect
malaria parasites; in some cases, the individual
species of parasite is determined
Malaria

133
Q

Reticulocyte count (Retic)

A

Measures the percentage of immature red blood
cells (reticulocytes) in the blood
Bone marrow failure,
erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic
anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious
anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency

134
Q

Sickle cell screening Screens

A

for abnormal hemoglobin S Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell disease

135
Q

Blood culture

A

Determines whether bacteria or other
microorganisms are present in the blood
Septicemia

136
Q

Bone marrow analysis

A

Ordered when blood counts are abnormal Anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis,
polycythemia, thrombocytopenia,
cancer of the blood or bone
marrow, hemochromatosis

137
Q

Pericardial fluid analysis

A

Evaluates pericardial fluid (the fluid in the pericardium
that lubricates the movement of the heart) to
determine the cause of increased fluid levels
Congestive heart failure, lymphoma,
mesothelioma, metastatic cancer,
pericarditis

138
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

If the body retains acids or if the kidneys eliminate too much bicarbonate,
it makes the blood more acidic (a lower pH)

139
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

oo much bicarbonate
is retained by the body. The blood becomes more alkaline (a higher pH)

140
Q

albumin and urinary system

A

Chronic renal failure, glomerulonephritis

141
Q

ABG and urinary system

A

Metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis

142
Q

creatinine and urinary system

A

Acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, urinary
tract obstruction, diabetic nephropathy, hemolyticuremic syndrome

143
Q

electrolytes and urinary system

A

Decreased levels in chronic renal insufficiency;
increases in body water, diuretic administration

144
Q

BUN and urianry system

A

Glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis,
pyelonephritis, kidney failure, urinary tract
obstruction, acute nephritic syndrome, medullary
cystic kidney disease

145
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

Provides an estimate of how much blood
passes through the glomeruli in the kidneys
per minute; glomeruli are the structures in
the kidneys that filter waste products from
the blood

Chronic renal failure, acute renal failure

146
Q

renin

A
  • abn levels of renin hormone
  • renal hypoertension, renal tumors
147
Q

serum osmolality

A

measures the amt of chemical in blood serum to determine water balance in the body
uremia

148
Q

Renal stone
analysis

A

Stones and crystals passed in the urine are
examined and chemically identified

Nephrolithiasis

149
Q

creatinine clearance

A

Compares the level of creatinine in the blood
and urine; requires both a blood sample and a
urine sample

Acute tubular necrosis, bladder obstruction, endstage renal failure, glomerulonephritis, renal ischemia

150
Q

Urine culture

A

Urine is placed in a culture medium;
any microbial growth is examined
microscopically; often includes sensitivity
(C&S)

Urinary tract infections

151
Q

urinalysis

A

Examination of physical and chemical
properties of urine, including microscopic
examination

General health exam; acute nephritic syndrome,
acute tubular necrosis, kidney stones, chronic
glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, cystinuria,
enuresis, acute pyelonephritis, urethritis

152
Q

Acid phosphatase

A
  • measures the amount of Acid phosphatase in blood
  • prostate cancer, prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis
153
Q

Cancer antigens

A
  • CA-15-3 or CA-125
  • breast and ovarian cancer
154
Q

estradiol

A
  • measures amt of estradoil (estrogen) in the blood
  • Abnormal sexual development, ovarian cancer, menstrual abnormalities, Turner’s
    syndrome
155
Q

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)

A
  • FSH in blood
  • Abnormal sexual development, menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian cysts, infertility
156
Q

Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)

A
  • Qualitative test determines whether the hormone is present; quantitative test measures
    the level of hCG in the blood
  • Normal pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic
    pregnancy, ovarian cancer, hydatidiform
    mole of the uterus, uterine cancer, testicular
    cancer
157
Q

LH

A
  • Males: anorchia, hypogonadism, Klinefelter’s
    syndrome
    Females: menopause, polycystic ovary
    disease, Turner’s syndrome
158
Q

progesterone

A
  • Pregnancy, ovarian cancer, amenorrhea,
    ectopic pregnancy, adrenal cancer
159
Q

prolactin

A
  • galactorrhea, headaches, infertility, ED
160
Q

PSA

A
  • prostate cancer
161
Q

Rapid plasma reagin
(RPR) and VDRL tests

A

syphilis

162
Q

testosterone

A
  • cancer of the testes or ovaries
163
Q

DNA probes

A

Cervical swabs, thin preps, and urethral
swabs are tested for microorganism DNA
such as Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia
trachomatis

Sexually transmitted infections

164
Q

HPV

A
  • Sexually transmitted infection associated
    with cervical cancer
165
Q

microbiology cultures

A
  • Performed on semen and other secretions to
    isolate and identify infection-causing bacteria
  • Cystitis, epididymitis, other reproductive system infections
166
Q

pap smear

A

cervical cancer

167
Q

semen analysis

A
  • infertility, klinefelter’s syndrome
168
Q

tissue biopsy and tumor markers

A

cancer of various reproductive organs

169
Q

test panel

A
  • boratory tests associated with
    one organ or body system
170
Q

test profile

A
  • lab tests that provide assessment over at least 2 body systems
171
Q

BMP vs CMP

A

bmp is only for intial assessment, cmp is additional tests that assess more boy systems

172
Q

coagulation panel

A

(Activated) partial thromboplastin time (APPT, PTT)
Fibrinogen (Fibr)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Platelet count

173
Q

hepatitis panel

A

Hepatitis A virus antibody, IgM
Hepatitis B virus core antibody, IgM
Hepatitis B virus surface antigen
Hepatitis C virus antibody

174
Q

Hypercoagulation panel

A

All tests in the coagulation panel, plus:
Anticardiolipin antibody
APC resistance
Inhibitor status (ATIII, protein C, protein S)
Factor assays (V, VIII)
Gene mutation studies (prothrombin, Factor V Leiden)
Homocysteine Lupus anticoagulant studies
Methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)

175
Q

lipid panel

A

cholesterol (chol)
HDL
LDL
VLDL
Triglycerides (Trig)

176
Q

liver panel

A
  • albumin
    alhaline phosphatase (ALP)
    alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
    aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
    gamma-glutamyltransferase (GCT)
    bilirubin (total and idrect)
    total protein
177
Q

OB panel

A

ABO group/Rh type
Antibody screen
Complete blood count (CBC, including differential)
Cystic fibrosis gene mutation (according to family history)
Hepatitis B surface antigen
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Rubella IgG

178
Q

renal panel

A

albumin
BUN
calcium
creatinine
glucose
electrolytes
phosphorus

179
Q

respiratory virus panel

A

Adenovirus
Coronaviruses (HKU1, NL63, 229E, OC43)
Human rhinovirus/enterovirus
Influenza (A, A/H1, A/H3, B, H1N1)
Parainfluenza virus (1, 2, 3, 4)
Respiratory syncytial virus (A, B)

180
Q

BMP

A

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Calcium (Ca)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3)
Chloride
Creatinine
Glucose
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)

181
Q

CMP

A

All tests in the basic metabolic profile, plus:
Albumin
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Asparate amino transferase (AST)
Bilirubin
Total protein

182
Q

FTA-ABS

A

fluorscent treponemal antibody absorption test
- confirmation for syphilis

183
Q

rapid plasma reagin (RPR)

A
  • postiive = syphilis
184
Q

HIV

A
  • detects HIV
  • HIV-1Ab and 2 = detecrt HIV antboides (1 most common in US, 2 most common in africa)
  • HIV p24 antigen = 10-14 days after infect can detect HIV antigen
  • HIV NAAT can detect HIV RNA 7-14 days after infection
185
Q

CMV

A
  • cytomegalovirus antibody
  • current or past infection
186
Q

what are cold agglutinins

A
  • cold reacting autoantibppdies that destroy RBC
  • associated with anemia, lymphoma and mycoplasma pneumonia
187
Q

what is high sensitivity CRP

A
  • icnreased level = inflammatory conditiosn
188
Q

what is aid-fast bacili

A

positive = TB

189
Q

CLO test

A

H pylori

190
Q

what is cytogenetics

A
  • assess for chromosomal deficiency (fresh blood, solid tissue, prenatal specimen, bone marrow)
191
Q

what is a modular analyzer used for?

A
  • stem cell anaylsis, T and B lymphocyte assays. HLAA tissue typing and crossmatching for organ transplants
192
Q

What is one of the most common histology test?

A
  • Pap test (Papanicolaou test)
193
Q

what are the percentages of CO2 in blood

A

20% is carried as carbaminohemoglobin
10% as gas dissolved in blood plasma
70% as bicarbonate ion

194
Q

how much does hemoglobin increase amt of o2 in blood?

A

70%

195
Q

how much of bound O2 disaccoiation at the muscle site is partial pressure of O2

A

66%

196
Q

whis is the bohr effect

A

decreased pH pushes bound o2 diassocation to as much as 77%

197
Q

pH and CO2 levels

A

as CO2 increases pH decreases (acidosis)
as CO2 decreases pH increases (aklalosis)

198
Q

what is normal blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

199
Q
A

Phlebotomy (17 decks)

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