Body Systems and Related Laboratory Tests Flashcards
function of integumentaery system
provides protection, regulates temperature,
and prevents water loss, converts the substance
7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D, sensory perception
viruses that affect integumentary system
rubella, rubeola,
and herpes zoster, which causes chickenpox and
shingles
skin cancer that affect integumentary system
squamous
cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma
What is antibody titers
Measures level of antibodies to specific
antigens. Commonly used to determine
whether a patient has (or has had in the past)
certain diseases
What do antibody titers test
Rubella, rubeola, chickenpox, shingles,
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); also
used to check for immune deficiencies and
autoimmune disease
immunoglobulin levels
Measures immunoglobulin levels; high level of
immunoglobulin A (IgA) or E (IgE) indicates an
allergic response
ig levels test for what?
Seasonal allergies, immunodeficiencies
what is wet prep and what does it test for?
- Microscopic evaluation of skin or nail scraping
- Fungal infections of the skin or nails
what is culture of scraping + what does it test for?
Skin scraping is placed in or on a culture
medium that supports the growth of
microorganisms. The microorganisms that
grow are then examined under a microscope to
diagnose infections caused by Staphylococcus
aureus and other bacterial, fungal, and parasitic
infections
- tests for Staph infection, athletes foot, ringworm, fingernal/toenail infection
what is skin biopsy + what does it test for
- Small piece of skin tissue is removed and
examined under a microscope - skin cancer
urine melanin
Urine is tested for level of melanin, a skin
pigment that may be found in urine if melanoma
is present
- melanoma
What do diseases and disorders that affect hte skeletal system include?
osteoporosis,
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteosarcoma (bone cancer),
and various disorders related to nutritional deficiencies or poor postur
what is Alkaline
phosphatase (ALP)
- tests for abn levels of ALp in blood
- tests for Bone tumors, Paget’s disease (abnormal
bone enlargement and deformation)
What is Calcium Ca
- abn calcium levels
- Rickets (children) or osteomalacia (adults);
these diseases involve softening of the
bones and serum calcium levels tend to
be decreased; increased calcium can be
seen in skeletal immobilization
What is ESR?
- Measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle at the
bottom of a calibrated tube; elevated levels indicate
the presence of inflammation - Some types of arthritis, including
rheumatoid arthritis
What is phosphourous
Measures phosphorus levels in serum, which contains
only 15% of the body’s phosphorus; the majority (85%)
is stored in the bones
- Gastrointestinal problems, malabsorption
What is Rheumatoid
factor (RF)
Tests for the autoantibody that is present in
rheumatoid arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis (but not juvenile-type
rheumatoid arthritis)
What is uric acid
Measures the level of uric acid in the blood to determine
whether the body is breaking it down properly
- Gout (a type of arthritis in which the body
does not break down uric acid adequately)
What is vitamin D
- Screens for abnormal levels of vitamin D
- Bone weakness or malformation or
abnormal metabolism of calcium
bone marrow biopsy
A needle biopsy to remove bone marrow for
diagnostic tests
- Multiple myeloma (cancer that starts in
bone marrow)
What is synovial fluid analysis?
Battery of tests that includes visual analysis;
microscopic analysis; measurement of glucose
proteins, LDH, and uric acid; and bacterial culture
- Gout, other types of arthritis, joint infections
what is Urine uric acid
- Screens for excessive uric acid in urine collected over
a 24-hour period - gout
What is torticollis?
- wry neck
aldolase
- blood levels of aldolase (glycolysis)
- Muscular dystrophy, muscle cell damage,
and infections in muscle tissue
autoimmune antibodies (muscular)
- Screens for abnormal antibody levels that
may indicate various autoimmune diseases - Myasthenia gravis, polymyalgia rheumatica,
lupus erythematosis
creatine kinase (CK)
Measures the level of the enzyme creatine
kinase in the blood; CK-MM is specific to
skeletal muscle damage, while CK-MB will
also be affected by skeletal muscle disorders
General muscle damage, muscular
dystrophy, skeletal muscle disease, muscle
damage due to myocardial infarction (heart
attack)
Lactate/lactic acid
Monitors production of lactic acid during
muscle activity or due to certain medications
heart failure
what is Lactate
dehydrogenase
(LH/LDH)
Measures the level of the protein LDH in the
blood; often performed when tissue damage
is suspected
Muscle injury, muscular dystrophy, blood
flow deficiency (ischemia)
Magnesium (Mg) (musuclar)
- amt of magnesium in blood
- Magnesium intoxication; high levels can
depress the neuromuscular system;
low levels can lead to neuromuscular
hyperexcitability, tetany, and seizures
myoglobin (muscle)
- amt of protein myoglobin in blood (myoglobin released in bloodstream when muscle tissue is damaged)
- Skeletal muscle inflammation or trauma,
myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy,
rhabdomyolysis
Muscle biopsy
Trichinosis, toxoplasmosis, or other muscle
infections; muscular dystrophy; muscle
atrophy or necrosis (tissue death); polymyositis
urine myoglobin
Skeletal muscle inflammation or trauma,
myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy,
rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle fibers)
what is the most abundant ig?
IgG
what is IgM
s found in the lymph fluid and blood
and is the first antibody produced when exposure to a particular disease occurs
Antinuclear antibody
panel (ANA)
- Measures levels of the antibodies produced by the
immune system that attack body tissues - Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic
lupus erythematosus, scleroderma,
thyroid disease - specifically SLE (phleb essentials)
What is crp
- tissue necrosis
- Infections, rheumatic fever,
rheumatoid arthritis
monospot
- mononucelousis 2 antibodies
lymph node biopsy
- cancer sarcoidosis, tuberculosis
lymphatic fluid culture
various bacterial infections
internal respiration
gas exchange between the blood and body
cells
external respiration
exchange of air between the lungs (pulm/o,
pulmon/o) and the outside environment
respiratory acidosis
If the lungs
do not adequately remove CO2 from the blood, the increase in CO2 level
makes the blood more acidic (a lower pH)
respiratory alkalosis
relatively
higher levels of O2, the blood becomes more alkaline (a higher pH) (hyperventilation)
ABG
Measures levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
bicarbonate (HCO3) as well as the pH (acidity or
alkalinity) in arterial blood
- Respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis,
emphysema, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
DNA study - respitory
CF
Electrolytes (Na, K,
Cl, CO2
Measures blood levels of sodium, potassium,
chloride, and carbon dioxide (in the form of bicarbonate [CHO3−])
- Cushing’s syndrome, COPD, and
acute disorders such as ketoacidosis,
methanol poisoning, or aspirin overdose
Bronchial washing
The patient’s respiratory tract is flushed with
a saline solution, which is then analyzed and
examined under a microscope for the presence of
foreign particles
Asbestosis and other environmentrelated respiratory disorders; lung cancer
Nasopharyngeal
specimens
Nasopharyngeal swabs are tested using DNA
probes to detect various viral infections
Influenza, H1N1, RSVa, RSVb
Sputum culture
Secretions from the lungs and bronchi are placed
on a culture medium; any microbial growth is
examined microscopically; often includes sensitivity
testing (culture and sensitivity or C&S) to determine
effectiveness of various antibiotics
Bronchitis, lung abscess, pneumonia,
tuberculosis
Throat culture
Material swabbed from the back of the patient’s
throat is placed on a culture medium; any microbial
growth is examined microscopically; often includes
sensitivity testing
Various bacterial infections, including strep
albumin and gi
Malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic
inflammatory diseases, chronic liver disease
aldolase and gi
Chronic hepatitis, obstructive jaundice
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gi
Biliary cirrhosis, bile duct obstruction, liver
disease
amonia
Measures ammonia buildup in the blood Hepatic encephalopathy
Amylase
Measures the amount of the enzyme amylase
in the blood
Pancreatic disorders, perforated bowel
Carcinoembryonic
antigen (CEA)
Detects CEA in the blood; CEA is an antigen
that is found in the blood when certain types
of cancers are present
Intestinal, pancreatic, thyroid, lung, and
breast cancer, as well as cancers of the
reproductive and urinary tracts
Carotene
Determines the level of carotene in the blood Vitamin A deficiency
Glucose
Measures the amount of glucose (sugar) in
the blood
Type 2 diabetes, overactive or underactive
thyroid gland, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis
Glucose tolerance test
(GTT)
Measures the amount of glucose (sugar) in
the blood over a specific length of time after
ingestion of a specific dose of glucose
Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes,
Cushing’s syndrome
Lipase
Measures the amount of the enzyme lipase in
the blood
Pancreatic disorders
Magnesium (Mg) gi
Malnutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism,
diabetic acidosis
Methylenetetrahydrofolate
reductase (MTHFR) test
Detects genetic mutation of the MTHFR gene Enzyme deficiency, causing poor folate
metabolism
Nutritional analysis
Measures the blood levels of various vitamins Malnutrition, nutritional imbalance or
deficiency
Potassium (K)
Measures the amount of potassium in the
blood
Cushing’s syndrome, gastrointestinal
disorders
Triglycerides
Measures the blood level of triglycerides Decreased in malnutrition, malabsorption;
increased in glycogen storage disease, highcarbohydrate diets, uncontrolled diabetes
Vitamins
Measures the levels of various vitamins
(A, B, C, etc.) in the blood
Malnutrition, malabsorption, nutritional
imbalance related to specific enzyme
deficiencies
Zinc
Measures the blood level of zinc Deficiency can cause stunted growth,
diarrhea, increased infections
Fecal fat
Measures amount of fat in the feces to
determine how well fat is being absorbed by
the body
Pancreatitis, gallstones, Crohn’s disease,
pancreatic cancer, celiac disease
Fecal occult blood
Determines whether blood is present in
the stool
Colon cancer, other gastrointestinal
cancers, esophagitis, gastritis,
hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease
fecal white blood cells
Checks for white blood cells in the feces to
help determine the cause of inflammatory
diarrhea
Ulcerative colitis, salmonellosis, shigellosis
Gastric fluid analysis
Determines the pH and content of residual
gastric fluid in the stomach
Gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, tuberculosis,
pernicious anemia
Peritoneal fluid analysis
Examines fluid taken from the abdominal cavity
(peritoneal space) for presence of albumin,
protein, and red and white blood cells
Peritonitis, cirrhosis of the liver, lymphoma,
other gastrointestinal cancers
Stool culture
Stool sample is placed on culture medium; any
microbial growth is examined microscopically
Bacterial gastroenteritis, infections caused
by E. coli, C. difficile, and other bacteria
Stool for ova and parasites
(O&P)
Stool specimen is examined microscopically
to determine whether certain parasites or
their ova (eggs) are present
Amebiasis, giardiasis, and other parasitic
infections
Urine chemistries
Measure levels of glucose, ketones, protein,
and other chemicals in the urine
Gastrointestinal infections, type 1
diabetes, anorexia, malnutrition,
hyperthyroidism
Acetylcholine receptor
antibody
Determines presence or absence of
acetylcholine receptor antibody
Myasthenia gravis
Creatine kinase brain/smooth
muscle isoenzyme (CK-BB)
Measures the level of the creatine kinase BB
isoenzyme in the blood
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA,
stroke), lung cancer
Drug levels
Measures the blood levels of various therapeutic
drugs to monitor patient response and to help
determine therapeutic levels
Epilepsy, other brain disorders
Zinc
Measures the blood level of zinc Mental confusion, depression
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
analysis
Measures levels of proteins, glucose, antibodies,
and other components in CSF (components
tested vary)
Meningitis, encephalitis, cancer,
Reye’s syndrome
CSF culture
CSF is placed on culture medium; any microbial
growth is examined microscopically; often
includes sensitivity (C&S)
Aseptic meningitis, tuberculosis,
cryptococcosis, fungal infections
CSF immunoglobulin levels
Measures immunoglobulin G (IgG) level in the CSF Acute bacterial meningitis
hypothalamus hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Stored and released by posterior pituitary; stimulates kidneys to
retain water
Oxytocin (OT) Stored and released by posterior pituitary; stimulates uterine
contraction for labor and delivery
Anterior pituitary
Growth hormone (GH) Promotes growth and tissue maintenance
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH)
Stimulates pigment regulation in epidermis
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)- Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce its hormones
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)- Stimulates the thyroid to produce its hormones
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) - (F) Stimulates ovaries to produce ova and estrogen
(M) Stimulates testes to produce sperm and testosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH) (F) Stimulates ovaries for ovulation and estrogen production
(M) Stimulates testes to produce testosterone
Prolactin (PRL) (F) Stimulates breasts to produce milk
(M) Works with and complements LH
Posterior pituitary
(releases)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Stimulates kidneys to retain water
Oxytocin (OT) Stimulates uterine contraction for labor and delivery
Pineal body
Melatonin Regulates biological clock; links to onset of puberty
Thyroid
Triiodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4)
Protein synthesis and increased energy production for all cells
Calcitonin Increases bone calcium and decreases blood calcium
Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Agonist to calcitonin; decreases bone calcium/increases blood calcium
Thymus
Thymosin and thymopoietin Both hormones stimulate the production of T-lymphocytes
Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone Stimulates body to retain sodium and water
Cortisol Decreases protein synthesis; decreases inflammation
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Prepares body for stress; increases heart rate, respiration, and
blood pressure
Pancreas (islets
of Langerhans)
Alpha cells: glucagon Increases blood sugar; decreases protein synthesis
Beta cells: insulin Decreases blood sugar; increases protein synthesis
Gonads: ovaries
(female)
Estrogen and progesterone Secondary sex characteristics; female reproductive hormone
Gonads: testes
(male)
Testosterone Secondary sex characteristics; male reproductive hormone
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Measures the level of the ACTH
hormone in the blood
Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, tumor of
the adrenal gland, hypopituitarism
Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)
Measures the blood level of ADH, which
is produced by the hypothalamus in the
brain
Diabetes insipidus, primary polydipsia, brain tumor,
brain infection, certain types of lung cancer, stroke
Aldosterone (Ald)
Measures the level of aldosterone in the
blood
Addison’s disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Calcitonin
Measures blood levels of calcitonin Thyroid tumors, pancreatic tumors,
hyperparathyroidism, thyroiditis
Cortisol
Measures the level of the steroid
hormone cortisol in the blood
Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, tumor of
the adrenal gland, hypopituitarism, acute adrenal
crisis
Fasting blood glucose
(also called fasting
blood sugar or FBS)
Measures the level of glucose in the
blood after the patient has fasted for at
least 8 hours
Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, overactive or
underactive thyroid gland, pancreatic cancer,
pancreatitis
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Measures the level of FSH in the blood Female: menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome,
ovarian cysts, infertility, anorexia, Turner’s syndrome
Male: Klinefelter’s syndrome, infertility
Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
Measures the level of LH in the blood Female: menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome,
ovarian cysts, Turner syndrome
Male: anorchia, hypogonadism, Klinefelter’s
syndrome
Glucagon
Measures the level of the hormone
glucagon in the blood
Diabetes, Cushing’s syndrome, cirrhosis of the
liver, hypoglycemia, pancreatitis
Glucose tolerance
test (GTT)
Determines how well the body breaks
down glucose over a 2- to 3-hour period
Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes
Growth hormone (GH)
Measures the level of GH in the blood Acromegaly, giantism, dwarfism, pituitary tumor
Insulin
Measures the level of insulin in the blood Diabetes
Renin
Measures the level of renin in the blood Hypertension (high blood pressure), kidney
disorders
Thyroid function
panel
Measures the level of T3, T4, and TSH;
often includes a thyroid scan with a
radioactive iodine tracer as well
Thyroid cancer, goiter, overactive or underactive
thyroid gland, Graves’ disease, hypopituitarism,
thyroid nodule
Zinc endocrine
Low thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor,
low testosterone
Urine ketones
Measures the level of ketones in the
urine
Type 2 diabetes
Tissue biopsy of
individual glands
Removal of a small piece of tissue
through a biopsy needle for
examination
Cancer of the various glands
Aspartate aminotransferase
(AST)
Measures the amount of AST in the blood Myocardial infarction, cardiac
operations and cauterizations,
angioplasty
B-type natriuretic peptide
(BNP)
Determines the blood level of B-type natriuretic
peptide
Heart failure
Lipid profile
Measures levels of total cholesterol, including its
components of
* low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
* high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
* very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Triglycerides are also part of the lipid profile
Heart disease, cerebrovascular
accident (stroke), and conditions
related to blocked arteries
Troponin I and Troponin T
Measures the amount of troponin in the blood,
which elevates when the heart muscle is damaged
Myocardial infarction
Clotting factor assays
Determines the levels of specific clotting proteins;
performed when PT or APTT test results are
abnormal
Hemophilia, von Willebrand’s
disease
Clotting inhibitor and
antibody studies
Detects and measures inhibitors to various
coagulation (clotting) factors in the blood
Congenital factor deficiencies,
cancer, immunologic disorders
D-dimer and other fibrin
degradation/split products
(FDP/FSP)
Measures the blood levels of the byproducts
generated when the body breaks down blood
clots
Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary
embolism, hypercoagulability
Electrolytes (Na, K, Cl,
CO2)
Measures blood levels of sodium, potassium,
chloride, and carbon dioxide (in the form of
bicarbonate)
Congestive heart failure; monitoring
of diuretic medications
Fibrinogen
Measures the amount of fibrinogen in the blood Afibrinogenemia, fibrinolysis,
disseminated intravascular
coagulation
Homocysteine
Measures the amount of homocysteine in the
blood
Risk factor for atherosclerotic
vascular disease
Methylenetetrahydrofolate
reductase (MTHFR) test
DNA test for mutation of MTHFR gene Failure to metabolize homocysteine
Platelet count
Determines the number of platelets in the blood Disseminated intravascular
coagulation, thrombocytosis,
thrombocytopenia, various anemias
and leukemias
Platelet function studies
Assess various functions of the platelets Inherited and acquired platelet
function problems
Prothrombin time
(PT), (activated) partial
thromboplastin time (PTT/
APTT), and international
normalized ratio (INR)
Measure the time it takes blood plasma to clot Clotting factor deficiencies,
vitamin K deficiency, disseminated
intravascular coagulation,
monitoring of anticoagulant therapy
ABO, Rh factor
Determines the presence of specific antigens on
red blood cells
Blood group and typing
(performed when transfusions are
needed)
Differential
Determines the percentage of individual types
of white blood cells—neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils—as well as
hematopoietic cells such as nucleated RBCs and
early stages of WBCs
Benign and malignant causes for
imbalance of cell distributions:
infections, inflammation, anemia,
leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma
Erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR)
Measures the rate at which red blood cells fall to the
bottom of a specially calibrated tube; an increase of
plasma proteins during times of inflammation and
other disorders causes RBCs to fall more quickly
Anemia, lymphoma, multiple
myeloma, autoimmune disorders,
infections, inflammation, arthritis
Flow cytometry
Used to detect cell identification proteins on
the surface of blood cells known as cluster
designation (CD) markers
Leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma
Hemoglobin
electrophoresis (HbEP)
Used to detect abnormal forms of hemoglobin Various hemoglobinopathies and
thalassemia
Iron studies (Fe and TIBC)
Series of tests to measure the level of iron in the
serum, the blood’s total iron-binding capacity,
unsaturated iron-binding capacity, and the amount
of iron stored in the body
Iron deficiency, iron-deficient
anemia
Malaria test
Microscopic examination of the blood to detect
malaria parasites; in some cases, the individual
species of parasite is determined
Malaria
Reticulocyte count (Retic)
Measures the percentage of immature red blood
cells (reticulocytes) in the blood
Bone marrow failure,
erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic
anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious
anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency
Sickle cell screening Screens
for abnormal hemoglobin S Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell disease
Blood culture
Determines whether bacteria or other
microorganisms are present in the blood
Septicemia
Bone marrow analysis
Ordered when blood counts are abnormal Anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis,
polycythemia, thrombocytopenia,
cancer of the blood or bone
marrow, hemochromatosis
Pericardial fluid analysis
Evaluates pericardial fluid (the fluid in the pericardium
that lubricates the movement of the heart) to
determine the cause of increased fluid levels
Congestive heart failure, lymphoma,
mesothelioma, metastatic cancer,
pericarditis
metabolic acidosis
If the body retains acids or if the kidneys eliminate too much bicarbonate,
it makes the blood more acidic (a lower pH)
metabolic alkalosis
oo much bicarbonate
is retained by the body. The blood becomes more alkaline (a higher pH)
albumin and urinary system
Chronic renal failure, glomerulonephritis
ABG and urinary system
Metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis
creatinine and urinary system
Acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, urinary
tract obstruction, diabetic nephropathy, hemolyticuremic syndrome
electrolytes and urinary system
Decreased levels in chronic renal insufficiency;
increases in body water, diuretic administration
BUN and urianry system
Glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis,
pyelonephritis, kidney failure, urinary tract
obstruction, acute nephritic syndrome, medullary
cystic kidney disease
glomerular filtration rate
Provides an estimate of how much blood
passes through the glomeruli in the kidneys
per minute; glomeruli are the structures in
the kidneys that filter waste products from
the blood
Chronic renal failure, acute renal failure
renin
- abn levels of renin hormone
- renal hypoertension, renal tumors
serum osmolality
measures the amt of chemical in blood serum to determine water balance in the body
uremia
Renal stone
analysis
Stones and crystals passed in the urine are
examined and chemically identified
Nephrolithiasis
creatinine clearance
Compares the level of creatinine in the blood
and urine; requires both a blood sample and a
urine sample
Acute tubular necrosis, bladder obstruction, endstage renal failure, glomerulonephritis, renal ischemia
Urine culture
Urine is placed in a culture medium;
any microbial growth is examined
microscopically; often includes sensitivity
(C&S)
Urinary tract infections
urinalysis
Examination of physical and chemical
properties of urine, including microscopic
examination
General health exam; acute nephritic syndrome,
acute tubular necrosis, kidney stones, chronic
glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, cystinuria,
enuresis, acute pyelonephritis, urethritis
Acid phosphatase
- measures the amount of Acid phosphatase in blood
- prostate cancer, prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis
Cancer antigens
- CA-15-3 or CA-125
- breast and ovarian cancer
estradiol
- measures amt of estradoil (estrogen) in the blood
- Abnormal sexual development, ovarian cancer, menstrual abnormalities, Turner’s
syndrome
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
- FSH in blood
- Abnormal sexual development, menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian cysts, infertility
Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)
- Qualitative test determines whether the hormone is present; quantitative test measures
the level of hCG in the blood - Normal pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic
pregnancy, ovarian cancer, hydatidiform
mole of the uterus, uterine cancer, testicular
cancer
LH
- Males: anorchia, hypogonadism, Klinefelter’s
syndrome
Females: menopause, polycystic ovary
disease, Turner’s syndrome
progesterone
- Pregnancy, ovarian cancer, amenorrhea,
ectopic pregnancy, adrenal cancer
prolactin
- galactorrhea, headaches, infertility, ED
PSA
- prostate cancer
Rapid plasma reagin
(RPR) and VDRL tests
syphilis
testosterone
- cancer of the testes or ovaries
DNA probes
Cervical swabs, thin preps, and urethral
swabs are tested for microorganism DNA
such as Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia
trachomatis
Sexually transmitted infections
HPV
- Sexually transmitted infection associated
with cervical cancer
microbiology cultures
- Performed on semen and other secretions to
isolate and identify infection-causing bacteria - Cystitis, epididymitis, other reproductive system infections
pap smear
cervical cancer
semen analysis
- infertility, klinefelter’s syndrome
tissue biopsy and tumor markers
cancer of various reproductive organs
test panel
- boratory tests associated with
one organ or body system
test profile
- lab tests that provide assessment over at least 2 body systems
BMP vs CMP
bmp is only for intial assessment, cmp is additional tests that assess more boy systems
coagulation panel
(Activated) partial thromboplastin time (APPT, PTT)
Fibrinogen (Fibr)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Platelet count
hepatitis panel
Hepatitis A virus antibody, IgM
Hepatitis B virus core antibody, IgM
Hepatitis B virus surface antigen
Hepatitis C virus antibody
Hypercoagulation panel
All tests in the coagulation panel, plus:
Anticardiolipin antibody
APC resistance
Inhibitor status (ATIII, protein C, protein S)
Factor assays (V, VIII)
Gene mutation studies (prothrombin, Factor V Leiden)
Homocysteine Lupus anticoagulant studies
Methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)
lipid panel
cholesterol (chol)
HDL
LDL
VLDL
Triglycerides (Trig)
liver panel
- albumin
alhaline phosphatase (ALP)
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
gamma-glutamyltransferase (GCT)
bilirubin (total and idrect)
total protein
OB panel
ABO group/Rh type
Antibody screen
Complete blood count (CBC, including differential)
Cystic fibrosis gene mutation (according to family history)
Hepatitis B surface antigen
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Rubella IgG
renal panel
albumin
BUN
calcium
creatinine
glucose
electrolytes
phosphorus
respiratory virus panel
Adenovirus
Coronaviruses (HKU1, NL63, 229E, OC43)
Human rhinovirus/enterovirus
Influenza (A, A/H1, A/H3, B, H1N1)
Parainfluenza virus (1, 2, 3, 4)
Respiratory syncytial virus (A, B)
BMP
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Calcium (Ca)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3)
Chloride
Creatinine
Glucose
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
CMP
All tests in the basic metabolic profile, plus:
Albumin
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Asparate amino transferase (AST)
Bilirubin
Total protein
FTA-ABS
fluorscent treponemal antibody absorption test
- confirmation for syphilis
rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
- postiive = syphilis
HIV
- detects HIV
- HIV-1Ab and 2 = detecrt HIV antboides (1 most common in US, 2 most common in africa)
- HIV p24 antigen = 10-14 days after infect can detect HIV antigen
- HIV NAAT can detect HIV RNA 7-14 days after infection
CMV
- cytomegalovirus antibody
- current or past infection
what are cold agglutinins
- cold reacting autoantibppdies that destroy RBC
- associated with anemia, lymphoma and mycoplasma pneumonia
what is high sensitivity CRP
- icnreased level = inflammatory conditiosn
what is aid-fast bacili
positive = TB
CLO test
H pylori
what is cytogenetics
- assess for chromosomal deficiency (fresh blood, solid tissue, prenatal specimen, bone marrow)
what is a modular analyzer used for?
- stem cell anaylsis, T and B lymphocyte assays. HLAA tissue typing and crossmatching for organ transplants
What is one of the most common histology test?
- Pap test (Papanicolaou test)
what are the percentages of CO2 in blood
20% is carried as carbaminohemoglobin
10% as gas dissolved in blood plasma
70% as bicarbonate ion
how much does hemoglobin increase amt of o2 in blood?
70%
how much of bound O2 disaccoiation at the muscle site is partial pressure of O2
66%
whis is the bohr effect
decreased pH pushes bound o2 diassocation to as much as 77%
pH and CO2 levels
as CO2 increases pH decreases (acidosis)
as CO2 decreases pH increases (aklalosis)
what is normal blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
