Collection of Non-blood specimens Flashcards
what are throat swabs
- taken from back of thriats
- used for Group A Strep (strep throat) and other pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis
- use sterile swabs with spongelike tips made of Dacron or calcium alginate for collectn=ing throat culture specimen
- culture swab has growth medium at bottom fo swab container (if medium is ampule crush to release medium
- keep swab in contact with medium - dont use cotton tipped swab
what is the procuedre ofr a throat swab
- Obtain a tongue depressor.
- Remove the sterile swab from its container (do not set it down).
- Have the patient tilt his or her head back and stick out the tongue.
- Ask the patient to say “ahhh” as he opens his mouth and hold down the tongue
with the tongue depressor. - Rub the back of the throat and each tonsil with the swab using a rolling action (see
Figure 14-3). To minimize the gag reflex, avoid touching the uvula (the tissue that
hangs between the oral cavity and the throat). Do not touch the sides of the mouth
or teeth because these contain bacteria normally present and can make interpreting culture results confusing
withdraw swab then the tongue depressor
place swab back into sterile cotnaier and crush teh meida ampule if needed
discard tongue depresor
what are nasal swabs
- from the nares (nasal opening cavity)
- can detect microrganisms such as staphylococcus aureus
- nasal swab have an applicator stick and a rayon tip
- transport medium into which the swab applicator is placed after the specimen
what are nasopharyngeal swabs?
- taken from nasopharanyeal (upper part of throat behidn nose) for infulenze and repsiratory virus infections
- using only Dacros tupped swabs on a v thin wire
- NO cotton or calcium aginte swabs
- some facilitis may have only nursing personell do nasopharyngeal swabs
what other swabs can you take ?
- not done normally by phleb
- could be wound cultures, vaginal cultures, and urethral
cultures
what are sputum specimens?
- mucus in air passages
- for various disorders including sputum culture for pathogenic microrganism
- have pt rinse mouth with water before collection specimen (give pt tissue to cover mouth when coughing )
=- instruct patient to expectorate (deep cough from lung and bronchi) sputum into sterile container - lab will specimen for squamous epithelial cells and WBCs to detmine if specimemn is acceptable
what are stool specimens?
- used diagnosing various digestive tract disorders
- ex are stool culture, fecal fat analysis, fecal hemoglobin screening, and ova and parasite identification
- phleb instruct pt on how to collection
- containers need to be clean dry sealable and leakproof (do not contaminate with water and urine)
- may need to instruct how to transfer
- for pathogenic microorganims and immunochemical testing stool must be transfered immedietly to special vials containing a medium to preserve them
what are semen specimens
- semen may be analyzed to evaluate infertility problems pr tp verfy that a vasectomy is successful
- phleb instruct pt in this process
- best obtained by masturbation and must include entire ejaculation
- most acurate is 48-72 hours abstinence from sexual activity
- keep at body temp and deliver within 30 min of collection
- clean wide-mouth glass or plsatic jars with secure lids
- dont use condom
what are urine specimens?
- analyse urine for screening for glucose, drugs, alcohol, and general
well-being - assess urinary system and screen for metabolic disease such as diabetes mellitus, amino acid voerflow and proteinria
what are the different types of urine specimen?
First morning void Best specimen to use for general health assessment,
hormone levels such as hCG testing, and other chemicals
such as glucose and protein
Random void Specimen of convenience; acceptable for routine assessment
Clean-catch midstream Required for urine culture specimens
24-hour collection Used for quantitation of proteins and other substances
Legal specimens Drug screening to be used in a court of law
Catheterization Used for urine collection on patients unable to void
Suprapubic puncture Performed by physicians to collect urine directly from the
bladder
- must be tested within 1 hour
what aer some changest that can occur at room temp to urine
● changes in urine color and clarity
● bacterial growth
● increase in pH and nitrites (due to bacterial growth)
● decomposition of casts and cellular elements
● decrease in several substances, if initially present (such as glucose, bilirubin, ketones, and urobilinogen)
what tubes are used for urine collection
Yellowand-red-topped urine preservative tubes
- chemicals chlorhexidine,
ethyl paraben, and sodium propionate to preserve urine for testing
gray-topped urine culture tubes containing sodium formate, sodium borate and boric acid
24 hour urine specimen
- total amount of substances such as a protein sodium hormone that r secreted over 24 hours
- 24 huor require preservatives to containers
- preservatives may include acids or chloroform
- container must have a lid that closes tightly and should be labelee with caution information
- refrigerate urine
what is amniotic fluid ?
Amniocentesis (a procedure performed during
an ultrasound in which a needle is inserted
transabdominally into the amniotic sac and
withdrawing a small portion of amniotic fluid).
Detection of fetal distress, genetic
studies
what is bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial wasings
Specimens are collected during bronchoscopy
(examination of the tracheobronchial tree). The
bronchoscope may have suction catheters,
brushes, or biopsy attachments for specimen
collection.
Detection of obstructions,
pneumonia, carcinoma,
hemoptysis, foreign bodies,
abscesses, or infectious agents in
the lower respiratory tract
what is bone marrow
Aspiration and biopsy of marrow, usually from the
pelvic bone.
Diagnosis of hematopoietic
disorders such as leukemia,
lymphoma, and myeloma
what is Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Lumbar puncture is made into the intervertebral
space between L3 and L4 or between L4 and L5.
The needle is seated in the dura mater. CSF is
collected after checking CSF pressure.
Central nervous system
malignancy, demyelinating
diseases, meningeal infection,
and subarachnoid hemorrhage
whati s ear effusion
Middle ear effusion specimens are collected
using a suction cannula.
Otitis media caused by infections,
allergic reactions, and Eustachian
tube obstruction
what is eye fluid (vitreous)
Vitrectomy, which involves infusing a salt solution
while aspirating vitreous fluid from the eye.
Diabetic retinopathy, with retinal
detachment, and detection of
malignant infiltrates
what is gastric fluid
Nasogastric intubation, which involves careful
insertion of a tube through the nasal passage,
down the esophagus, and into the stomach. Fluid
in the stomach is aspirated into a syringe.
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
and assessment of gastric acid
output
what is pericardial fluid ?
Pericardiocentesis, which involves inserting
a needle through the chest wall into the sac
surrounding the heart, with electrocardiographic
monitoring. Excess fluid is aspirated into a
syringe.
pericarditis malignancy
what is peritoneal fluid (ascites)
Abdominal paracentesis, which involves inserting
a needle into the abdominal cavity and aspirating
excess fluid into a syringe.
Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis,
pancreatitis, hypoproteinemia,
infections, malignancies, and
trauma
what is pleural fluid
- Thoracentesis, which involves inserting a needle
between the ribs into the cavity surrounding the
lungs and aspirating excess fluid into a syringe - Venous obstruction, congestive
heart failure, malignancies,
pulmonary emboli or infarct,
trauma
what is saliva
- Patient allows saliva to flow into a sterile
collection tube. - drug screening
surigcal specimen
- biopsie and excised tissue placed in fixative (preservative)
- tumor and other malignancies
sweat collection
Collected with the use of pilocarpine
iontophoresis, which induces sweating at the site
of electrode placement.
Sweat chloride levels to screen for
cystic fibrosis
what is synovial fluid
Arthrocentesis, which involves placing a
needle into the capsule of an affected joint and
aspirating fluid into a syringe.
Various types of arthritis:
inflammatory, noninflammatory,
hemorrhagic, septic, crystal
induced
