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RD1032 > infection control > Flashcards

infection control Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 classifications of organisms

A
  • akaryotes
  • prokaryotes
  • eukaryotes
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2
Q

what are akaryotes also known as

A

viruses

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3
Q

features of akaryotes

A
  • no nucleus
  • contain DNA or RNA - surrounded by protein coat
  • may contain external structures/ membrane
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4
Q

features of prokaryotes

A
  • no nucleus
  • lack membrane enclosed organelles
  • 70s ribosomes
  • dont undergo meiosis
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5
Q

features of eukaryotes

A
  • nucleus
  • plasma membrane
  • components external to plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm containing cytoskeleton
  • membrane enclosed sub-cellular organelles
  • 80s ribosomes
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6
Q

what is a pathogen

A

disease causing organism

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7
Q

3 types of animal relationships

A
  • commensalism
  • mutualism
  • parasitism
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8
Q

what is commensalism

A

one organism benefits from the other without harming it

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9
Q

what is mutualism

A

both organisms benefit from each other

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10
Q

what is parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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11
Q

features of fungi and its forms

A
  • eukaryotes
  • variable size
  • only a few pathogenic
  • exist in two distinct forms; filamentous, cell like
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12
Q

what are protozoans

A
  • eukaryotes
  • unicellular organisms
  • variable size
  • non-photosynthetic
  • uncommon pathogens in this country
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13
Q

protozoans

A
  • schistosoma - causes schistosomiasis
  • primarily found in africa
  • can cause bladder cancer
  • giardia lamblia
  • causes giardiasis
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14
Q

features of bacteria

A
  • prokaryotes
  • 0.2-1.5um diameter
  • a number of morphological variants exists
  • unicellular
  • most are free living
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15
Q

what are exotoxins

A
  • gram positive organisms
  • extracellular
  • very poisonous
  • highly specific
  • stimulates antitoxin
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16
Q

what are endotoxins

A
  • gram negative organisms
  • cell associated
  • moderately poisonous
  • non specific
  • non toxoidable
17
Q

describe the gram stain process

A
  • bacterial culture placed on slide
  • heat fixed
  • crystal violet
  • mordant with iodine
  • wash with ethanol
  • counter stain carbol fuchsin
  • wash with water
18
Q

what are the gram positive, and negative results

A
  • positive = purple
  • negative = orange
19
Q

what are some sources of infection

A
  • plants
  • soil
  • inanimate non living object
  • animals
  • humans
  • zoonosis
20
Q

claviceps purpurea

A
  • fungus grows on wheat
21
Q

sporothrix schenckii

A
  • fungus found on rose thorns
  • boil like lesions on fingers
22
Q

zoonoses

A
  • animal to humans
  • bird flu
  • toxoplasmosis
23
Q

what is an exogenous infection

A
  • someone with a disease
  • a carrier (asymptomatic)
24
Q

what is a nosocomial infection

A
  • ## hospital acquired infection (HAI)
25
Q

most common type of HAI

A
  • UTIs most common
  • must occur up to 48 hours after hospital admission
  • up to 3 days after discharge
  • bacteria account for 90% of HAIs
26
Q

what is infectivity

A
  • the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection
27
Q

what is measure of infectivity in a population called

A

incidence
- depends on organism
- resistance of host

28
Q

what is virulence

A

the ability of an agent to produce disease
- capacity to damage or kill host

29
Q

asepsis

A
  • prevention of microbial contamination of living tissues or sterile material by excluding, removing or killing micro-organisms
30
Q

sterilisation

A
  • process intended to remove/ kill all types of micro-organisms with acceptably low probability of survival
31
Q

sterilisation methods

A
  • boiling
  • chemical
  • ETO (gas) sterilisation
  • hot air sterilisation
  • moist heat
  • gamma irradiation
32
Q

the two important aldehydes and which one is liquid and vapour

A
  • gluteraldehyde (liquid)
  • formaldehyde (vapour)
33
Q

evaluate boiling as a sterilisation method

A
  • can sterilise effectively
  • cumbersome
  • expensive
  • not practicable
34
Q

evaluate dry heat as a sterilisation method

A
  • dry heat in electrical oven
  • 160-180 degrees operating temperature
  • penetrating time
  • holding time
35
Q

evaluate dry heat as a sterilisation method

A
  • effective and convenient method
  • mainly used for sharp and delicate cutting instruments
  • can penetrate solid particles
  • lack of corrosion
  • useful for ferrous materials
  • high temperatures required
  • penetration time could be long per item
36
Q

evaluate moist heat as a sterilisation method

A
  • liquids
  • non-flammable liquids
  • aqueous solutions
  • liquid biological waste
  • metal items with porous materials
  • other porous materials
37
Q

evaluate gamma radiation as a sterilisation method

A
  • usually cobalt sauce
  • can be used on heat sensitive material
  • can change structure of material
  • materials marked with red dot
38
Q

what is involved in a sterilisation pack check

A
  • content
  • bag is intact
  • no moisture marks/dry
  • in date
  • sterile indicator
  • autoclave tape

RD1032 (11 decks)

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