infection control Flashcards
1
Q
the 3 classifications of organisms
A
- akaryotes
- prokaryotes
- eukaryotes
2
Q
what are akaryotes also known as
A
viruses
3
Q
features of akaryotes
A
- no nucleus
- contain DNA or RNA - surrounded by protein coat
- may contain external structures/ membrane
4
Q
features of prokaryotes
A
- no nucleus
- lack membrane enclosed organelles
- 70s ribosomes
- dont undergo meiosis
5
Q
features of eukaryotes
A
- nucleus
- plasma membrane
- components external to plasma membrane
- cytoplasm containing cytoskeleton
- membrane enclosed sub-cellular organelles
- 80s ribosomes
6
Q
what is a pathogen
A
disease causing organism
7
Q
3 types of animal relationships
A
- commensalism
- mutualism
- parasitism
8
Q
what is commensalism
A
one organism benefits from the other without harming it
9
Q
what is mutualism
A
both organisms benefit from each other
10
Q
what is parasitism
A
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
11
Q
features of fungi and its forms
A
- eukaryotes
- variable size
- only a few pathogenic
- exist in two distinct forms; filamentous, cell like
12
Q
what are protozoans
A
- eukaryotes
- unicellular organisms
- variable size
- non-photosynthetic
- uncommon pathogens in this country
13
Q
protozoans
A
- schistosoma - causes schistosomiasis
- primarily found in africa
- can cause bladder cancer
- giardia lamblia
- causes giardiasis
14
Q
features of bacteria
A
- prokaryotes
- 0.2-1.5um diameter
- a number of morphological variants exists
- unicellular
- most are free living
15
Q
what are exotoxins
A
- gram positive organisms
- extracellular
- very poisonous
- highly specific
- stimulates antitoxin
16
Q
what are endotoxins
A
- gram negative organisms
- cell associated
- moderately poisonous
- non specific
- non toxoidable
17
Q
describe the gram stain process
A
- bacterial culture placed on slide
- heat fixed
- crystal violet
- mordant with iodine
- wash with ethanol
- counter stain carbol fuchsin
- wash with water
18
Q
what are the gram positive, and negative results
A
- positive = purple
- negative = orange
19
Q
what are some sources of infection
A
- plants
- soil
- inanimate non living object
- animals
- humans
- zoonosis
20
Q
claviceps purpurea
A
- fungus grows on wheat
21
Q
sporothrix schenckii
A
- fungus found on rose thorns
- boil like lesions on fingers
22
Q
zoonoses
A
- animal to humans
- bird flu
- toxoplasmosis
23
Q
what is an exogenous infection
A
- someone with a disease
- a carrier (asymptomatic)
24
Q
what is a nosocomial infection
A
- ## hospital acquired infection (HAI)
25
most common type of HAI
- UTIs most common
- must occur up to 48 hours after hospital admission
- up to 3 days after discharge
- bacteria account for 90% of HAIs
26
what is infectivity
- the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection
27
what is measure of infectivity in a population called
incidence
- depends on organism
- resistance of host
28
what is virulence
the ability of an agent to produce disease
- capacity to damage or kill host
29
asepsis
- prevention of microbial contamination of living tissues or sterile material by excluding, removing or killing micro-organisms
30
sterilisation
- process intended to remove/ kill all types of micro-organisms with acceptably low probability of survival
31
sterilisation methods
- boiling
- chemical
- ETO (gas) sterilisation
- hot air sterilisation
- moist heat
- gamma irradiation
32
the two important aldehydes and which one is liquid and vapour
- gluteraldehyde (liquid)
- formaldehyde (vapour)
33
evaluate boiling as a sterilisation method
- can sterilise effectively
- cumbersome
- expensive
- not practicable
34
evaluate dry heat as a sterilisation method
- dry heat in electrical oven
- 160-180 degrees operating temperature
- penetrating time
- holding time
35
evaluate dry heat as a sterilisation method
- effective and convenient method
- mainly used for sharp and delicate cutting instruments
- can penetrate solid particles
- lack of corrosion
- useful for ferrous materials
- high temperatures required
- penetration time could be long per item
36
evaluate moist heat as a sterilisation method
- liquids
- non-flammable liquids
- aqueous solutions
- liquid biological waste
- metal items with porous materials
- other porous materials
37
evaluate gamma radiation as a sterilisation method
- usually cobalt sauce
- can be used on heat sensitive material
- can change structure of material
- materials marked with red dot
38
what is involved in a sterilisation pack check
- content
- bag is intact
- no moisture marks/dry
- in date
- sterile indicator
- autoclave tape
