factors affecting healthcare

Question 1

what is the 1948 definition of health?

Answer 1

health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

what is the 1986 definition of health?

Answer 2

a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities

Question 3

what is the 2009 definition of health?

Answer 3

the ability to adapt and self manage in the face of social, physical and emotional challenges

Question 4

what is the mid-staffordshire scandal?

Answer 4

• 400-1200 patients died as a result of poor care from january 2005 to march 2009 at stafford hospital
• started ‘cure the NHS’ campaign

Question 5

what happened during the mid-staffordshire scandal

Answer 5

• patients left in soiled bed clothes for lengthy periods
• assistance not provided for patients who couldn’t eat without help
• water left out of reach - patients drank out of vases
• patients not assisted in their toileting

Question 6

what is the francis report?

Answer 6

• published based on public enquiry into poor care at staffordshire
• report examined what led to poor standards - unnecessary patient deaths and why warning signs were not recognised

Question 7

what is our health determined by?

Answer 7

• circumstances and environment
• where we live and state of our environment
• genetics
• our income and education level

Question 8

what are 1 in 3 premature deaths attributable to?

Answer 8

• socioeconomic inequality

Question 9

social determinants examples

Answer 9

• income
• social status
• education
• physical environment
• social support networks

Question 10

ways to measure health inequality

Answer 10

• health status, eg life expectancy
• access to care eg availability of given services
• quality and experience of care eg levels of patient satisfaction
• behavioural risks to health eg smoking rates
• wider determinants of health eg quality of housing

Question 11

4 types of factors that analyse health inequalities

Answer 11

• socio-economic factors
• geography
• specific characteristics
• socially excluded groups

Question 12

social gradient in health

Answer 12

systematic relationship between deprivation and life expectancy

Question 13

how do geographical inequalities affect health

Answer 13

difference in life expectancy at birth in north of england is lower than in south england

Question 14

examples of specific characteristics

Answer 14

• sexual orientations
• disabled people
• gender
• ethnicity

Question 15

summary of marmot review

Answer 15

• reducing health inequalities as a matter of fairness and social injustice
• there is social gradient in health
• health inequalities result from social inequalities
• actions taken will benefit society in many ways
• fair distribution of health is the most important measure of country’s success

Question 16

what are the NHS founding principles

Answer 16

• meets the needs of everyone
• based on clinical need not ability to pay
• free at point of delivery

Question 17

6 core values of NHS

Answer 17

• working together for patients
• respect and dignity
• commitment to quality of care
• compassion
• improving lives
• everyone counts

Question 18

7 core principles of NHS

Answer 18

• provides comprehensive service available to all
• access based on clinical need
• aspires to highest standard of excellence
• patient will be at heart of everything NHS does
• works across organisational boundaries
• committed to providing best value for taxpayers money
• NHS accountable to public and patients

Question 19

some weaknesses of the NHS

Answer 19

• increasing demand on resources
• might discourage use of alt practices and treatments
• ethical and security issues with so much data
• free access could be abused
• long waiting lists
• staff shortages + overload

Question 20

some strengths of the NHS

Answer 20

• huge resources
• can apply nationwide common health policies and procedures
• access to large amounts of patients data for research and continuity of care
• free access to care
• good for acute and emergency care
• dedicated and committed staff

Question 21

how much did department of health and social care spend in 2020/2021

Answer 21

£192 billion

Question 22

future of radiology; medical equipment

Answer 22

• higher doses of radiation
• lower reliability = old age
• slower throughput
• lack of access to new techniques
• lower treatment success rates and increased side effects
• x-ray and imaging equipment older than 10 years should be replaced