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SP17: Micro/Immuno (Test 1) > Infection (Bailey) > Flashcards

Infection (Bailey) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common reason people seek treatment for infectious disease?

A

Oral infections

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2
Q

What are the six steps in the infectious disease process?

A
  1. Encounter
  2. Entry
  3. Colonization and/or invasion
  4. Multiplication and/or spread
  5. Damage
  6. Outcome
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3
Q

Does encountering an infectious microbe always result in infection?

A

No.

Some diseases are grown from within

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4
Q

Although the oral cavity and alimentary canal are inside the body, what is special about this canal?

A

It is connected to the outside world on both ends

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5
Q

What are the two major ways a pathogen will adhere to a host tissue?

A
  1. Nonspecific adherence: reversible docking

2. Specific adherence: irreversible anchoring with adhesins

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6
Q

Why does streptococcus mutans bind to the tooth pellicle?

A

It has an adhesin that specifically binds to tooth pellicle (specific adherence)

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7
Q

What is needed for a pathogen to colonize?

A

Must be able to live in the environment it wants to colonize

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8
Q

What are three ways bacteria take up nutrients?

A
  1. Carrier-mediated diffusion
  2. Phosphorylation-linked transport
  3. Active transport
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9
Q

What allows a pathogen to invade after colonization?

A

Specific virulence factors that allow for invasions

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10
Q

What are the two major mechanisms for disease multiplication?

A
  1. Lateral propagation to contiguous tissues (multiply -> spread)
  2. Dissemination to distant sites (spread -> multiply)
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11
Q

What are two major types of toxins during infection?

A
  1. Endotoxins: component of cell wall

2. Soluble substances secreted into host tissues

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12
Q

What makes a microbe a pathogen?

A
  1. Adheres
  2. Colonizes
  3. Replicates in given niche
  4. Causes damage
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13
Q

T/F: No microorganism is intrinsically benign or pathogenic

A

TRUE

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14
Q

T/F: Obligate anaerobes are bacteria that must have oxygen to grow.

A

FALSE.

Obligate anaerobes: cannot tolerate oxygen

Strict aerobes: must have oxygen to grow

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15
Q

Which bacteria can grow with or without oxygen?

A

Facultative anaerobes

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16
Q

What is unique about oligotrophs?

A

Can grow with limited nutrients

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17
Q

What is unique about microaerophiles?

A

Require some oxygen, but not a lot

18
Q

What is unique about mesophiles?

A

Grow well in mild temperature

19
Q

T/F: Gram-positive bacteria have a much thicker cell wall than gram-negative.

A

TRUE

20
Q

What differs in the structure of the cell wall between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

A

Murein in gram-negative contains DAP

21
Q

Which type of bacteria has techoic acid at the surface?

A

Gram-positive

22
Q

What is the importance of the techoic acid and lipopolysaccharide?

A

They are considered PAMPs that the immune system can recognize

23
Q

What pattern recognition receptor recognizes LPS?

A

Toll-like receptor 4

24
Q

T/F: Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 recognize teichoic acids together.

A

TRUE

25
Q

What is the function of fimbriae (or Pili)?

A

Involved in attachment to other surfaces. Contain adhesins

26
Q

What are the two processes by which a pathogen can enter a host?

A
  1. Through body opening (mouth, nose, etc.)

2. By piercing epithelia (insect bites, cuts, etc.)

27
Q

What are the two steps of penetration into epithelial cells?

A
  1. Attachment

2. Internalization

28
Q

________ size is very important in establishing an infection.

A

Inoculum

29
Q

What are the possible outcomes of a host-parasite infection?

A
  1. Host clears out infection
  2. Parasite overcomes host
  3. Host and parasite adapt to each other
  4. Chronic infection - no one wins
30
Q

Which has more Murien (peptidoglycan): gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

31
Q

Which type of bacteria has an outer membrane made up of LPS?

A

Gram-negative

32
Q

What makes up LPS?

A

A lipid region that faces the membrane and a polysaccharide that faces out

33
Q

What part of the LPS is highly variable and antigenic?

A

Outer region (O-antigen)

34
Q

T/F: LPS is an endotoxin.

A

TRUE

35
Q

What are sex pili?

A

Connect cells during DNA transfer

36
Q

What happens when a flagella rotates clockwise? Counterclockwise?

A

Clockwise: Tumbling
Counterclockwise: Movement

37
Q

What type of movement is used by bacteria for chemotaxis?

A

Flagellar movement

38
Q

What is special about obligate intercellular parasites?

A

Can only grow inside host cells

39
Q

What four things must an infectious agent do to survive?

A
  1. Avoid being washed away
  2. Find a niche with proper nutrition
  3. Survive host defense
  4. Transfer to new host
40
Q

What are some ways that an infection can damage a host?

A
  1. Cell death
  2. Alter metabolism
  3. Mechanical causes
  4. Host response
  5. Toxins
41
Q

What are the structures on bacterial surface recognized by the body?

A

PAMPs

42
Q

What are some common antigens recognized by pattern receptor proteins?

A

LPS - O antigen, Receptor 4

Flagella - H antigen

Capsule - K antigen

SP17: Micro/Immuno (Test 1) (10 decks)

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