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Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that enter your body and cause disease

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2
Q

What types of disease do pathogens cause

A

Communicable

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3
Q

What can be infected by pathogens

A
  • animals
  • plants
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4
Q

Types of pathogen

A
  • bacteria
  • virus
  • protist
  • fungi
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5
Q

Bacteria

A

Very small living cells that reproduce rapidly in your body

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6
Q

How do bacteria make you ill

A

Produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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7
Q

Viruses

A
  • live inside your cells
  • 1/100 size of bacterium
  • reproduce rapidly using cell’s machinery
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8
Q

How do viruses make you ill

A
  • cells full of virus copies burst
  • cell damage makes you ill
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9
Q

Protists

A

Single celled eukaryotes

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10
Q

How do parasite protists cause damage

A

By living on or inside other organisms

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11
Q

Vector

A

Something (often an insect) that carries protists to an organism without getting the disease itself

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12
Q

Fungi structure

A
  • some single celled
  • some have body made up of hyphae (thread like structures)
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13
Q

How do fungi cause disease

A

Hyphae grow and penetrate human skin and plant surface causing disease

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14
Q

How can hyphae spread to other plants and animals

A

By producing spores

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15
Q

How can pathogens be spread

A
  • water
  • air
  • direct contact
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16
Q

How does water spread pathogens

A

Some pathogens picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty, contaminated water

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17
Q

How does air spread pathogens

A
  • some pathogens are carried in air and breathed in
  • some pathogens are carried in air in droplets produced when you sneeze or cough
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18
Q

How does direct contact spread pathogens

A

Some pathogens picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including skin

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19
Q

Viral diseases

A
  • measles
  • HIV
  • TMV
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20
Q

How is measles spread

A

Droplets from infected person’s sneezes/coughs

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21
Q

Measles symptoms

A
  • red skin rash
  • fever
  • can lead to pneumonia
  • can lead to encephalitis (brain inflammation)
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22
Q

How is measles prevented

A

Receive vaccination when young

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23
Q

How is HIV spread

A
  • sexual contact
  • exchanging bodily fluids (often when sharing needles when taking drugs)
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24
Q

Effect of HIV

A
  • initially flu-like symptoms for few weeks
  • attacks immune cells
  • no symptoms for several years
  • develops into aids
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25
Q

HIV treatment

A

Antiretroviral drugs stop virus replicating in body

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26
Q

TMV

A

Tobacco mosaic disease

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27
Q

Effect of TMV

A
  • mosaic pattern on plant leaves
  • discolouration of leaves means plants can’t photosynthesis
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28
Q

Fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

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29
Q

How does rose black spot spread

A
  • water
  • wind
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30
Q

Effect of rose black spot

A
  • purple or black spots on rose plants causing leaves to turn yellow and drop off
  • less photosynthesis
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31
Q

How is rose black spot treated

A
  • fungicides
  • stripping plants of infected leaves and destroying them so they can’t spread to other plants
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32
Q

Protist disease

A

Malaria

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33
Q

How is malaria caused

A
  • mosquito vectors pick up malarial protist by feeding on infected animal
  • when mosquito feeds on another animal, inserts protist into animals blood vessels
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34
Q

Effect of malaria

A
  • fever
  • sometimes death
35
Q

Malaria prevention

A
  • stop mosquito breeding
  • insecticides
  • mosquito nets
36
Q

Bacterial diseases

A
  • salmonella
  • gonorrhoea
37
Q

Salmonella

A

Type of bacteria which causes food poisoning

38
Q

Salmonella cause

A
  • eating food contaminated with salmonella bacteria
  • eating food prepared in unhygienic conditions
39
Q

What causes salmonella symptoms

A

Toxins produced by the bacteria

40
Q

Salmonella symptoms

A
  • fever
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
41
Q

Salmonella prevention

A
  • most poultry in UK given vaccinations against it
  • cook food properly
42
Q

Gonorrhoea cause

A

Sexual contact

43
Q

Gonorrhoea symptoms

A
  • pain when urinating
  • yellow/green discharge from vagina/penis
44
Q

Gonorrhoea prevention

A

Barrier methods of contraception, like condoms

45
Q

Gonorrhoea treatment

A
  • originally penicillin, but strains have become resistant
  • antibiotics
46
Q

How to reduce/prevent spread of disease

A
  • being hygienic
  • destroying vectors
  • isolating infected individuals
  • vaccinations
47
Q

How can being hygienic reduce/prevent spread of disease

A

Taking simple hygiene measures like washing hands after sneezing to stop infecting another person

48
Q

How can destroying vectors reduce/prevent spread of disease

A
  • insecticides can kill insect vectors
  • destroy insect vector’s habitats so they can’t breed
49
Q

How can isolating infected individuals reduce/prevent spread of disease

A

Isolating people with communicable diseases stop them passing it on

50
Q

How can vaccinations reduce/prevent spread of disease

A

Vaccinating against communicable diseases lessens likelihood of developing infection and passing it on

51
Q

Parts of human body that stop pathogens getting in

A
  • skin
  • nose
  • trachea and bronchi
52
Q

How does skin stop pathogens getting in

A
  • acts as barrier
  • secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens
53
Q

How does nose prevent pathogens getting in

A

Hairs and mucus in nose trap particles that could contain pathogens

54
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi prevent pathogens getting in

A
  • trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens
  • these are lined with cilia which waft mucus up to throat to be swallowed
  • stomach produces hydrochloric acid to kill swallowed pathogens
55
Q

How does the body detect pathogens

A

White blood cells travel all around the body looking for them

56
Q

How do white blood cells attack pathogens

A
  • phagocytosis
  • antibodies
  • antitoxins
57
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • phagocyte binds to pathogen
  • phagocyte engulfs pathogen into cell and encloses it
  • phagocyte secretes digestive enzymes to break down pathogen
  • debris excreted
58
Q

How do antibodies attack pathogens

A
  • white blood cell detects unique antigens on pathogen surface
  • antibodies produced to lock onto invading cells so they can be found and destroyed
  • antibodies produced and carried round body to look for similar bacteria/viruses
  • if person infected with same pathogen, same antibodies produced, they are immune
59
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies

60
Q

How do antitoxins attack pathogens

A

They counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria

61
Q

How do vaccinations work

A
  • inject small, amount of (harmless) dead or inactive pathogens carrying antigens
  • body produces antibodies to attack them
  • if live versions of pathogen enter body, white blood cells can rapidly produce antibodies to kill it
62
Q

Advantages of vaccination

A
  • controlled previously common communicable diseases in uk, smallpox gone, polio infections at 99%
  • epidemics prevented if large percent of people vaccinated, unvaccinated people less likely to catch it if fewer people have it
63
Q

Disadvantages of vaccination

A
  • don’t always work
  • bad reactions can occur but uncommon
64
Q

Painkillers

A
  • relieve pain by reducing symptoms
  • don’t tackle cause or kill pathogens
65
Q

Antibiotics

A

Kill bacteria causing problems without killing your body cells

66
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

They mutate

67
Q

How to slow down rate of development of resistant strains of bacteria

A

Doctors shouldn’t overprescribe antibiotics - only prescribe for more serious diseases

68
Q

Why do many drugs come from plants

A
  • plants produce chemicals to defend against pests/pathogens
  • some of the chemicals can treat human diseases or relieve symptoms
69
Q

Human medicines developed from plants

A
  • aspirin
  • digitalis
70
Q

Aspirin

A

Painkiller used to lower fever

71
Q

What was aspirin developed from

A

Chemical found in willow

72
Q

Digitalis

A

Used to treat heart conditions

73
Q

What was digitalis developed from

A

Chemical found in foxglove

74
Q

How was penicillin discovered

A
  • Alexander Fleming was cleaning Petri dishes containing bacteria
  • he noticed one dish had mould on and area around mould had no bacteria
  • mould was producing penicillium notatum which killed the bacteria
75
Q

How are drugs made

A
  • synthesised by chemists in labs
  • may come from chemical extracted from plant
76
Q

Stages of drug development

A
  • preclinical testing on human cells and tissue in lab
  • preclinical testing on live animals
  • testing on human volunteers in clinical trials
77
Q

What drugs can’t be tested on human cells and tissues

A

Ones that affect whole or multiple body systems - must be tested on whole animal

78
Q

Preclinical testing on live animals

A
  • tests efficacy
  • tests toxicity
  • find best dosage
  • law states a drug must be tested on 2 different live mammals
  • some think it’s cruel to test of animals
79
Q

Efficacy

A

Whether drug works and produces effect you’re looking for

80
Q

Dosage

A

The concentration that should be given and goes often

81
Q

Testing on human volunteers in clinical trials

A
  • first tested on healthy volunteers to test for harmful side effects when body is working normally
  • dosage started off low and gradually increased
  • patients randomly put into 2 blind groups, one given placebo to test real drug makes difference and there’s no placebo effect
  • results not published until they’ve been through peer review
82
Q

Placebo

A

Substance like drug being tested but doesn’t do anything

83
Q

Placebo effect

A

When a patient expects treatment to work so feels better, even through treatment isn’t doing anything

Biology (4 decks)

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