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Biology > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis word equation

A

carbon dioxide + water ———-> oxygen + glucose sunlight

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2
Q

Photosynthesis symbol equation

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O ————> C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

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3
Q

Plant uses of glucose

A
  • respiration
  • making cellulose
  • making amino acids
  • storing as oils or fats
  • storing as starch
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4
Q

How do plants make amino acids

A
  • glucose combined with nitrate ions absorbed from soil
  • amino acids made into proteins
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5
Q

How do plants store oils and fats

A

Glucose turned into lipids and stored in seeds

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6
Q

How is starch stored in plants

A
  • stored in roots, stems, leaves
  • used when photosynthesis isn’t happening
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7
Q

How is starch better for plant storage than glucose

A
  • insoluble
  • plant with lots of glucose would draw up lots of water and swell up
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8
Q

Photosynthesis limiting factors

A
  • light intensity
  • CO₂ concentration
  • temperature
  • chlorophyll concentration
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9
Q

Photosynthesis limiting factor at night

A

Light intensity

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10
Q

Photosynthesis limiting factor in winter

A

Temperature

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11
Q

Photosynthesis limiting factor when warm and bright

A

CO₂ concentration

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12
Q

What can affect amount of chlorophyll in plant

A
  • disease
  • lack of nutrients
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13
Q

How can chlorophyll limit photosynthesis

A

When chloroplasts are damaged, not enough chlorophyll is made to absorb light for photosynthesis

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14
Q

How does light affect rate of photosynthesis

A

As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increases to a certain point where it then makes no difference

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15
Q

How does carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis

A

As amount of CO₂ increases, rate of photosynthesis increases to a point then it makes no difference

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16
Q

How does temperature affect photosynthesis

A
  • as temperature increases, rate of photosynthesis increases to a point where it decreases and stops working
  • enzymes for photosynthesis work slower and lower temperatures but are destroyed at around 45°C
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17
Q

Photosynthesis practical

A
  • place LED bulb (doesn’t produce heat) at specific distance from pondweed in water in test tube
  • as pondweed photosynthesises, count oxygen bubbles produced for 1 minute
  • repeat with light at different distances away to see how that affects rate of photosynthesis (number of bubbles produced)
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18
Q

Light intensity and distance equation

A

Light intensity ∝ 1/distance²

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19
Q

Greenhouses

A
  • trap heat so temperature doesn’t become limiting
  • use shade and ventilation in summer to cool down
  • can use artificial light to photosynthesise at night
  • paraffin heater can increase CO₂ levels
  • protect from pests/disease
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20
Q

Respiration

A

Process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell

21
Q

What type of reaction is respiration

A

Exothermic

22
Q

Uses of energy transferred from respiration

A
  • build up larger molecules from smaller ones
  • allow muscles to contract and relax
  • mammals keep body temperature steady in colder surroundings
23
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all reactions that happen in a cell or body

24
Q

More efficient respiration

A

Aerobic

25
Q

Where do most aerobic respiration reactions occur

A

Inside mitochondria

26
Q

Aerobic respiration word equation

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

27
Q

Aerobic respiration symbol equation

A

C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂ —> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

28
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used

A

In addition to aerobic respiration when body can’t supply enough oxygen to muscles

29
Q

How is lactic acid produced

A
  • through incomplete breakdown of glucose in anaerobic respiration in muscle cells
  • bi-product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells
30
Q

Word equation of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

A

glucose —> lactic acid

31
Q

Why doesn’t anaerobic respiration in muscle cells not transfer as much energy

A

Glucose isn’t fully oxidised

32
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells

A

glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

33
Q

What type of organism is yeast

A

Single celled

34
Q

Name of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells

A

Fermentation

35
Q

Uses of yeast fermentation

A
  • making alcohol
  • making bread rise
36
Q

What increases as you exercise

A
  • respiration
  • breathing rate
  • breathing volume
  • heart rate
37
Q

Why does breathing rate and volume increase when exercising

A

To get more oxygen into blood for increased respiration

38
Q

Why does respiration increase when exercising

A

To supply more energy to muscles for more frequent contraction

39
Q

Why does heart rate increase when exercising

A
  • get oxygenated blood around body faster
  • remove CO₂ faster
40
Q

Problem with lactic acid

A

Builds up in muscles which gets painful

41
Q

What happens to muscles in long periods of exercise

A

Muscle fatigue

42
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

When muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently

43
Q

When does oxygen debt occur

A

After exercising

44
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Amount of extra oxygen the body needs to react the buildup of lactic acid and remove it from cells

45
Q

Why do you keep breathing hard after exercising

A

To get oxygen into your blood which is transported to muscle cells

46
Q

What stays high after exercising

A
  • breathing rate
  • pulse
47
Q

Ways of removing lactic acid

A
  • react with oxygen to form CO₂ and water
  • blood transports lactic acid to liver to be covered back to glucose
48
Q

How to investigate effect of exercise on body

A
  • record pulse after 5 mins of sitting, walking, jogging, running
  • plot results on bar chart

Biology (4 decks)

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